Lammens, Henri, 9, 11 Last Supper, 170–75 Leo III the Isauri<strong>an</strong>, 199 Leo XIII, Pope, 5 Lewis, Bernard, 12 libertinism, 113 Life of Mahomet <strong>an</strong>d History of Islam to the Era of Hegina, A (Muir), 10 Lis<strong>an</strong> al-Arab (The L<strong>an</strong>guage of the Arabs), 185 literalism, 5 Lot, 115 Lüling, Günter, 9, 13–14, 166, 172–73, 177, 178, 180–82 Luxenberg, Christoph, 9, 14, 54, 55, 155, 165–70, 173–75, 183, 184 Macbeth, King of Scotl<strong>an</strong>d, 7, 214 Mahdi, al-, 71 Mahdi, Muhammad ibn M<strong>an</strong>sur al-, 78 Mahgrayé, 36 Mahmet, 31–32, 34 Makhul, 70 Malik ibn Anas, xv, 59, 71, 82, 88, 198–99 Mamun, al-, 164 M<strong>an</strong>sur, al-, 71 Margoliouth, David S., 9, 89, 90 marriage, 109–17, 140–41 martyrdom, 14, 120, 168, 211 Marw<strong>an</strong> ibn Abi Hafsa, 78 Marw<strong>an</strong> ibn al-Hakam, 189 Mary (mother of Jesus), xv, 18, 45, 51, 115, 156, 167 Matthew, Gospel of, 22, 97 Maududi, Syed Abul Ala, 127 Mecca, 13, 30, 33, 34, 48, 72, 94, 101, 102, 103, 104–5 Mecc<strong>an</strong> Trade <strong>an</strong>d the Rise of Islam (Crone), 13 Medina, 48, 64, 65, 71, 73, 76, 93, 95, 99, 101, 102, 106, 120, 147, 204 Messenger of God, 17–18 Messiah, xv, 18, 20, 21, 36, 45, 51, 167, 179 Methodists, 5 Mhmt, 23 Middle East, 6, 13, 63, 195 Ming<strong>an</strong>a, Alphonse, 9, 155–56 miracles, 4, 94–95 Mohammed der prophet, sein Leben und sein Lehre (Muhammad the Prophet, His Life <strong>an</strong>d His Teaching) (Weil), 9 monotheism, 47, 207; Abrahamic, 209; Arab, ix, 34, 57; Muawiya <strong>an</strong>d, 33–34, 49, 57; Muhammad <strong>an</strong>d, 102, 106, 203 Monothelitism, 56 Moses, 17, 31, 34, 49, 54, 61, 115 Mother of the Book (umm al-kitab), 126 Motzki, Harald, 83 Muawiya, 206; Battle of Siffin <strong>an</strong>d, 189–92; caliphate of, xiv, xvii, 41; coinage <strong>an</strong>d inscriptions <strong>an</strong>d, xiv, 41–42, 46, 47–48, 49, 50; Const<strong>an</strong>tine, letter to of, xiv, 33–34, 207; factionalism <strong>an</strong>d Hadith <strong>an</strong>d, 72–73; monotheism <strong>an</strong>d, 49, 57; Qur'<strong>an</strong>, st<strong>an</strong>dardization of <strong>an</strong>d, 85–86
Mufid, Sheikh al-, 81 Mughira, al-, 73 Muhajirun, 33, 36, 59, 92, 195, 205 Muhammad, 46–47; absence of mention of, 17–39, 41, 42, 49, 63, 205; Arabi<strong>an</strong> conquest <strong>an</strong>d, 2, 7, 24–28, 41, 48, 191; as Arab prophet, 100–106; archaeological evidence of, ix; authority of, xv, 35, 210; c<strong>an</strong>onical account of, ix, 6–7, 22, 109, 205–7, 212–13; coinage <strong>an</strong>d inscriptions <strong>an</strong>d, xiv, xv, 42–46, 46–47, 52–53; death of, xiii, 2, 21, 22, 205; Doctrina Jacobi <strong>an</strong>d, 22–23; embarrassment of, 107–24; example of, 6, 67–72; <strong>exist</strong>ence of, ix–xi, 1–3, 6–8, 214–17; family of, xvi, xvii; first mention of, 206; forgetfulness of, 131–34, 212; Hadith <strong>an</strong>d, xi, xv, 10, 11, 19, 68–72; Hijra of, 48–49, 73, 92, 93, 147, 204, 222; historical impact of, 1–2, 7; historical scrutiny <strong>an</strong>d, 6–8; historicity of, ix–xi, 1–3, 9–10, 109–14; Ibn Ishaq's biography of, ix, xv, 19, 46, 87–106; inventing, 63–86; Islam, founding of <strong>an</strong>d, ix, 2, 6; Islamic law <strong>an</strong>d, 67, 68, 71, 88; Islamic practice <strong>an</strong>d, 68, 70; Islamic theology <strong>an</strong>d, 67; Islamic tradition <strong>an</strong>d, ix, 10, 67, 117; legend <strong>an</strong>d, 2, 6–8, 19, 210–11; magic <strong>an</strong>d, 121–23; as Messenger of God, xv, 18–19, 21, 52–53, 56, 58, 98, 114, 213; monotheism <strong>an</strong>d, 102, 106, 203; non-Arabic sources of information on, 146–47; non-Muslim sources of information about, 31–34, 41; personality of, 6, 90–91, 123–24; political theology of, 208–9; polygamy of, xvi, 109–17; revelations of Qur'<strong>an</strong> to, xiii, 3, 18, 125, 127, 128–30, 131–34, 157; sat<strong>an</strong>ic verses <strong>an</strong>d, 89–90; as Seal of the Prophets, 18, 114–17, 212; as teacher, 6; Zaynab, marriage to <strong>an</strong>d, 109–19 “Muhammad <strong>an</strong>d the Origins of Islam” (Ren<strong>an</strong>), 1 Muhammad at Mecca (Watt), 2, 99 Muhammad at Medina (Watt), 2, 99 Muir, William, 10, 126–27 Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj al-Qushayri, 77 Muslims: absence of mention of, 30, 31, 33, 205; Arabi<strong>an</strong> conquest <strong>an</strong>d, 205; in Europe, xv; first mention of, xv, 35–36; historical scrutiny <strong>an</strong>d, 3; Jews <strong>an</strong>d, 33–34; Muhammad <strong>an</strong>d, ix, 6; pag<strong>an</strong>ism <strong>an</strong>d, 29; Quraysh <strong>an</strong>d, 102–3; Spain, conquest of by, xv; Treaty of Hudaibiya <strong>an</strong>d, 75; Wars of Apostasy (632–633) <strong>an</strong>d, 28 Muwatta, 71, 82 Nativity, 183–85 Nestori<strong>an</strong> synod, 28, 29 Nevo, Yehuda, 9 Newm<strong>an</strong>, John Henry Cardinal, 145 New Testament, 4, 9, 37, 45, 54, 145, 166 Night of Power, al-Qadr, 183–84 Nixon, Richard, ix, xi Noah, 115, 156 Nöldeke, Theodor, 9, 150–51 non-Muslims: dhimmitude <strong>an</strong>d, 27–28; Muhammad, <strong>exist</strong>ence of <strong>an</strong>d, 6; as source of information about Muhammad, 31–34, 41 North Africa, xiv, 6, 63, 195, 196, 204 obedience, 18, 69–70, 204 Old Testament, 37, 166 100: A R<strong>an</strong>king of the Most Influential Persons in History, The (Hart), 1 On the Heresies (John of Damascus), 36 Ottom<strong>an</strong> Empire, 216 Pact of Umar, 27–28 pag<strong>an</strong>ism, 158; <strong>an</strong>imal sacrifice <strong>an</strong>d, 29, 30; Arab, ix, 28–30, 182; Greco-Rom<strong>an</strong>, 207; Islam <strong>an</strong>d, ix; Muslims <strong>an</strong>d, 29 Palestine, xiii, xiv, 21, 46, 47–48 Paradise, 14, 21, 22, 108, 126, 148, 168–70, 183 Paret, Rudi, 171 party of Ali, 73 People of the Book, 51, 55, 140, 158, 159, 213. See also Christi<strong>an</strong>ity; Judaism Persia, xiv, 6 Persi<strong>an</strong> Empire, 20, 210 Persi<strong>an</strong>s, xiv, 20, 34, 207
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DID MUHAMMAD EXIST? An Inquiry into
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Dedicated to all those who do not f
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Contents Foreword by Johannes J. G.
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scholars will not be interested in
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650s-660s: Arabian conquest of Nort
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Muhammad and His Family, According
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Introduction
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historicity of Muhammad. Although t
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No one knows, for it has never rece
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Some of the bold scholars who have
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Influenced by this, the historians
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1
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ut this could apply to any of the Q
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Was That Muhammad? In light of all
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leader as the “devil.” It is un
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them, reprimand them, warn them, an
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was not even able to save himself f
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of polemical hyperbole or using a t
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2
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encountering some mention of Islam,
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The first biographer of Muhammad, I
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Allah [is] great in greatness and g
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This Qur'anic material is the earli
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that orthodox theologians produced
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Arabic language, he was eloquent an
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3
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The same can be said of an explanat
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“anyone who establishes in Islam
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But with Muhammad held up as an exe
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When Ibn Umar says that yes, he did
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these are known as as-Sahih as-Sitt
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was self-contradictory or absurd on
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latter's “godlessness and opposit
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Switching On the Full Light of Hist
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Ibn Ishaq's Reliability So are thes
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Muhammad's virtues, or a combinatio
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Jansen administers the coup de grâ
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Central to Islam, therefore, is the
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(Nor, for that matter, do Muslim hi
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5
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The problem with the third option i
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years of age. 6 The earliest Islami
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elationship, the Qur'an also has Ma
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einforced the point that Muhammad h
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“worked on Allah's Apostle so tha
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The Unchanging Qur'an Changes The Q
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during the eighth and ninth centuri
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did not worry over such matters, wh
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Rajam be inflicted on him who commi
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telling indications that it has bee
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ut suddenly verses 238 and 239 inte
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The Non-Arabic Arabic Qur'an A Book
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“We know indeed that they say,
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Puin explains: “The Koran claims
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a person dies, his Book (of deeds)
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The Syriac influence is not restric
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To provide the new religion with it
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What the Qur'an May Have Been A Clu
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An Islamic scholar writing late in
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Luxenberg states that if Qur'an “
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symbolism of the wine of Paradise.
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Syriac connection, has revealed—c
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