robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)

Islamic calendar, 48–49, 204
Islamic law, 6, 211; adoption and, 110; cross and, 47; dhimmitude and, 158–59; Hadith and, 10, 11, 19, 63; Ibn Ishaq and, 88; inheritance and,
152; Muhammad and, 67, 68, 71, 88; punishments in, 113; Shafii school of, 193; treaties between Muslims and non-Muslims and, 94. See
also Islam; Islamic theology; Islamic tradition
Islamic theology, 6; Christian tradition and, 14; Dome of the Rock inscription and, 50–57; Hadith and, 67; John of Damascus and, xv;
Muhammad and, 18, 67; Qur'an, Arabic character of and, 145. See also Islam; Islamic law; Islamic tradition
Islamic tradition: Arabia and, ix; Battle of Yamama and, xiii; Christian tradition and, 216; Hadith and, 19, 64, 79, 83; Jews and, 96; Muhammad
and, ix, xvi, 10, 21, 22, 67, 117; Qur'an and, xiii. See also Hadith; Islam; Islamic law; Islamic theology
isnad. See chain of transmitters (isnad)
Israel, 32; Children of, 21, 54, 148; tribes of, 34
Ivanhoe (Scott), 8
Jacob, 34, 115, 155, 168
Jacob of Edessa, 36
Jansen, Johannes J. G., xi, 91, 99
Jeffery, Arthur, 153–54, 157–58, 193
Jerusalem, 24–26
Jesus, 162; Allah and, 38; of Christianity, 21; Christianity and, 25; crucifixion of, 25, 34, 47, 53; death of, 4, 47; divinity of, 26, 30, 31, 36, 49, 54,
56, 57, 162, 207; Dome of the Rock inscription and, xv, 209–10; existence of, 4; Gospels and, 4; historical scrutiny and, 4–5; Jews and,
20–21, 25; keys of paradise and, 22; as messenger of God, xv, 209; as Messiah, xv, 167, 179; Muawiya's letter to Constantine and, xiv, 34;
as the Muhammad, 41–62; Muhammad, coming of and, 38, 54; nature of, 56, 179–80; in Qur'an, 36, 38–39, 45, 167; Qur'an and, 21;
Resurrection of, 5; as Son of God, 37, 47, 55, 179–81; as “the praised one,” 45, 46; Virgin Birth of, 5, 167, 184; as Word of God, 38. See
also Christology
jihad, 46, 61, 100, 128–29, 135, 204
jizya (poll tax), 27–28, 158–59
Job, 115
John, 115
John I of Antioch, 30
John of Damascus, xv, 36–39, 196
John of Nikiou, xv, 36–37
Jonah, 115
Jordan, 46, 60
Joseph, 115, 151
Journal of the American Oriental Society, 54
Judaism, 22, 31, 35, 216; Christ, coming of and, 20–21; development of, 128; dhimmitude and, 158–59; Dome of the Rock inscription and, 55;
historical scrutiny and, 3–5, 9; Islam, development of and, 12–13; Islamic tradition and, 96; of Medina, 64; monotheism of, 182, 207;
Muhammad, alliance with of, 33; Muhammad bewitched and, 122; Muhammad kinship with, 31, 49, 118, 209, 212; Muslim antagonism
toward, 33–34; Palestine, Arabian conquest of and, xiv; Qur'an and, 122, 145; Reform, 5; salvation and, 152
Ka‘ba, 34, 37, 101, 106, 204
Kalisch, Muhammad Sven, 14
Khadija (wife of Muhammad), xvi, xvii, 99, 147
Khan, Muhammad Muhsin, 79
Khan, Muqtedar, 67
Kharrar, raid on, 92, 94
Khudri, Abu Said al-, 65
Khuzaima, 137, 188
Kinana bin ar-Rabi, 90
Kindi, al-, 182, 200
King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Qur'an, 194
Koran. See Qur'an
Koren, Judith, 9