robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)

Hisham bin Hakim, 132–33
historical scrutiny, 3–6
Hoyland, Robert G., 23, 58
Hudhaifa bin al-Yaman, 187
Husayn (grandson of Muhammad), xvi, xvii, 73
hypocrisy, 64, 122, 145
Iberian Peninsula, 2
Ibn Abbas, xvi, xvii, 66, 74, 77, 80, 86, 153
Ibn al-Arabi, 79
Ibn al-Athir, 129
Ibn an-Naqib, 154
Ibn Hajar, 60
Ibn Hanbal, 82, 88
Ibn Hisham, 10, 19, 87, 88
Ibn Ishaq, 165; Battle of Muta and, 119, 121; criticism of, 88–90; defense of, 88–90; dependence on, 99–100; historical embroidery and, 92–93;
historical reliability of, ix, 88–90, 90–91, 97–98, 98–99; Islamic law and, 88; Jesus as the Muhammad and, 45–46; Muhammad, biographical
material about and, ix, xv, 19, 46, 87–106
ibn Jariyah at-Tamimi, Ziyad, 70
Ibn Kathir, 103, 144, 153, 178
ibn Maja, Muhammad, 78, 81, 82
ibn Masud, Abdullah, 193, 198
Ibn Muallim, 81
ibn Numayr, Abdallah, 88
Ibn Rawandi, 9, 171
Ibn Sa‘d, 91, 129
ibn Shuayb an-Nasai, Ahmad, 78
ibn Sirin, Muhammad, 83
ibn Sulayman, Muqatil, 115, 146
ibn Umar, Abdullah, 74–76
Ibn Warraq, 9, 14–15, 151
ibn Az-Zubair, Abdullah, xiv, 58–59, 188
Imam, Ahmad Ali al-, 14
Imran, 115
India, 2, 6
infidels, 23, 213
innovation (bida), 67–68
Interpretation of the Koran in Modern Egypt, The (Jansen), xi
Iran, xiv
Iraq, xiv, 196
Isaac, 34, 115, 155, 165
Isaiah, 21
Ishmael, 12, 30, 115, 155, 207
Ishmaelites, 31, 36, 59, 195, 205
Ishoyahb III, 31
Islam: absence of mention of, 30, 31, 33, 34, 41, 42, 63, 205; Arabian setting of, 13, 100–106; canonical account of, ix, 3–8, 22, 41, 68, 83, 101,
107, 120, 125–26, 162, 203–5; chronology of, xii–xiv; cross and, 25, 47, 49–50; evolution of, 128; first mention of, 206; historical scrutiny
and, 3–6, 8–15; literature of, 2, 6, 13; marriage and, 140–41; monotheism of, 182; Muhammad, centrality of and, 67; Muhammad as founder
of, ix, 2, 6; oral traditions of, 9, 38, 203; origins of, 1, 2, 3–15, 22, 101, 162; paganism and, ix; as political religion, 208–9, 212–14; polygamy
and, 29; practice of, 10, 11, 63, 68, 70, 77–78; prayer and, 33; Shiite, xvii, 65, 73, 116, 211; Sunni, xvii, 116; tolerance and, 47; violence and,
85–86; warfare and, 77. See also Hadith; Islamic law; Islamic theology; Islamic tradition; Qur'an