Index Aaron, 61, 115 Abbas (uncle of Muhammad), xvi, xvii, 196–97 Abbasids, 60, 64, 78, 85, 86, 198, 206, 211, 212, 215 Abbott, Nabia, 69 Abd al-Malik, 60, 72, 83, 206, 210–11; caliphate of, xiv; coinage of, 58–59; Dome of the Rock inscription <strong>an</strong>d, 50, 197, 209; Islam, introduction of <strong>an</strong>d, 58–59; Muhammad, example of <strong>an</strong>d, 69, 70; Qur'<strong>an</strong>, collection of <strong>an</strong>d, 197–99, 206 Abd al-Muttalib (gr<strong>an</strong>dfather of Muhammad), xvi, xvii, 99 Abd ar-Rahm<strong>an</strong>, 42 Abd ar-Razzaq, 83 Abdullah (father of Muhammad), xvi, xvii Abdullah bin Salam, 107–8, 109 Abdur Rahm<strong>an</strong> bin Harith bin Hisham, 188 Abel, 148 Abou El Fadl, Khaled, 14–15 Abraham, xiv, 12, 21, 30, 31, 32, 34, 134, 165, 194, 207 Abu Bakr, 92, 111, 118; caliphate of, xiii, xvii; death of, 73; Khaybar, siege of <strong>an</strong>d, 76; Muhammad <strong>an</strong>d, 74; Qur'<strong>an</strong>, collection of <strong>an</strong>d, 187, 188 Abu Dawud as-Sijist<strong>an</strong>i, 78 Abu Fukayha Yasar, 146, 147 Abu Muslim, 85 Abu Nasr Yahya ibn Abi Kathir al-Yamami, 163 Abu Sufy<strong>an</strong>, 86 Abu Talib (uncle of Muhammad), xvi, 73 Abu Ubaida, 144, 172 Abu Zura, 89 Adam, 54, 136, 148, 168 adoption, 110, 111, 117 adultery, 65, 74, 135 Ahmad, 21–22 Aisha (wife of Muhammad), 65, 73–74, 82, 91, 94, 135; Muhammad bewitched <strong>an</strong>d, 121–22; Qur'<strong>an</strong>, collection of <strong>an</strong>d, 137–38; Zaynab, Muhammad's marriage to <strong>an</strong>d, 110, 111–12, 117 Alex<strong>an</strong>der the Great, 157 Ali, Abdullah Yusuf, 154, 159, 165, 166 Ali ibn Abi Talib, xvi, xvii, 153; Battle of Siffin <strong>an</strong>d, 189–92; caliphate of, xiv; chain of tr<strong>an</strong>smitters (isnad) <strong>an</strong>d, 81; death of, 85; factionalism <strong>an</strong>d Hadith <strong>an</strong>d, 76; Muhammad as Seal of the Prophets <strong>an</strong>d, 116; Qur'<strong>an</strong> <strong>an</strong>d, 65, 73–74, 199–200; Shiite Islam <strong>an</strong>d, 117, 211 Allah: Arabic <strong>an</strong>d, 145; Islam as political <strong>an</strong>d, 213; Jesus <strong>an</strong>d, 38; obedience to, 204; Qur'<strong>an</strong> <strong>an</strong>d, xiii, 17, 18, 125, 150. See also God Amina (mother of Muhammad), xvi, xvii Amr bin Umm Maktum, 129, 136 Amr ibn al-As, 30, 190 Anas bin Malik, 103 Andrae, Tor, 166 Antichrist, 21 Antioch, 29 apostasy, 113 Apostles, 29, 30 Arabi<strong>an</strong> conquest, 207; brutality of, xv, 25, 26–27, 35; Christi<strong>an</strong>ity <strong>an</strong>d, 25–28; coins <strong>an</strong>d inscriptions of, 42–43, 205; Islam <strong>an</strong>d, 205;
Muhammad <strong>an</strong>d, 2, 7, 24–28, 41, 48, 191, 205; Muslims <strong>an</strong>d, 205; Qur'<strong>an</strong> <strong>an</strong>d, 41, 48. See also Arabi<strong>an</strong> Empire Arabi<strong>an</strong> Empire: Arabi<strong>an</strong> conquerors <strong>an</strong>d, 7; cultural influence of, 2; growth of, 2, 71; Islam <strong>an</strong>d, 12, 28, 100–106; pag<strong>an</strong>ism <strong>an</strong>d, 28–30, 158, 182; political theology of, 207–9; polytheism <strong>an</strong>d, 28; unification of, 6, 20, 28, 46, 204, 214. See also Arabi<strong>an</strong> conquest Arabic, 36–37, 171, 206; Allah <strong>an</strong>d, 145; alphabet of, xi, 162, 185; Islam <strong>an</strong>d, 100–106; Qur'<strong>an</strong> <strong>an</strong>d, 143–60, 162, 185, 210 Arabic calendar, 98 Arabs, 13; as Hagari<strong>an</strong>s, 30–31; monotheism <strong>an</strong>d, ix; monotheism in, 57; as Muslims, 30–35; pag<strong>an</strong>ism <strong>an</strong>d, ix, 28–30 Aramaic, 14 Arberry, A. J., 151 archaeology: Arabi<strong>an</strong> conquest <strong>an</strong>d, 7; early Islam <strong>an</strong>d, ix; Muhammad, historicity of <strong>an</strong>d, ix Arius, 179 Armenia, xiii, 204 Ar-Ridw<strong>an</strong> pledge of allegi<strong>an</strong>ce, 75 Asbab <strong>an</strong>-Nuzul (al-Wahidi), 65 Ash'ath, Al-, 190 Asim <strong>an</strong>-Nabil, 78 Ath<strong>an</strong>asius II, 29, 30 Azami, Muhammad Mustafa, 82–83 Baha'is, 18 Bahira, 95–96 Bal'ami, 147 baptism, 26, 35, 152 bar Penkaye, John, xv, 35 Bashear, Sulim<strong>an</strong>, 9 Battle of Badr, 75, 194 Battle of the Camel, 65 Battle of Hunayn, 196 Battle of Karbala, xvii Battle of Muta, 117, 119–21 Battle of Siffin, 189–92 Battle of Tours, xv Battle of the Trench, 93 Battle of Yamama, xiii, 134, 187 Baydawi, Abdullah al-, 130, 159 believers, 17, 18, 45, 64, 69, 78, 81, 110, 123, 146, 204, 213–15 Bell, Richard, 138–42, 183–84 Bible, 31, 148, 182 bin Hudhafa bin Qais bin Adi, Abdullah, 64 bin Yahya as-Saji, Zakariya, 78 bin Yazid al-Asari, Tabit, 48, 49 bin Zaid, Abdullah, 77 Book of History <strong>an</strong>d Campaigns (al-Waqidi), 92 Bukhari, Muhammad Ibn Ismail al-, 77, 79–82, 110–12 Bulliet, Richard, 105 Bultm<strong>an</strong>n, Rudolf, 4 Byz<strong>an</strong>tine Empire, 20, 179, 204, 207, 210, 216 Byz<strong>an</strong>tines, xiii, 20, 27–28, 207 Caesarea, 20
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DID MUHAMMAD EXIST? An Inquiry into
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Dedicated to all those who do not f
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Contents Foreword by Johannes J. G.
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scholars will not be interested in
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650s-660s: Arabian conquest of Nort
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Muhammad and His Family, According
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Introduction
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historicity of Muhammad. Although t
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No one knows, for it has never rece
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Some of the bold scholars who have
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Influenced by this, the historians
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1
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ut this could apply to any of the Q
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Was That Muhammad? In light of all
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leader as the “devil.” It is un
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them, reprimand them, warn them, an
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was not even able to save himself f
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of polemical hyperbole or using a t
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2
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encountering some mention of Islam,
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The first biographer of Muhammad, I
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Allah [is] great in greatness and g
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This Qur'anic material is the earli
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that orthodox theologians produced
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Arabic language, he was eloquent an
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3
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The same can be said of an explanat
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“anyone who establishes in Islam
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But with Muhammad held up as an exe
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When Ibn Umar says that yes, he did
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these are known as as-Sahih as-Sitt
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was self-contradictory or absurd on
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latter's “godlessness and opposit
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Switching On the Full Light of Hist
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Ibn Ishaq's Reliability So are thes
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Muhammad's virtues, or a combinatio
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Jansen administers the coup de grâ
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Central to Islam, therefore, is the
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(Nor, for that matter, do Muslim hi
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5
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The problem with the third option i
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years of age. 6 The earliest Islami
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elationship, the Qur'an also has Ma
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einforced the point that Muhammad h
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“worked on Allah's Apostle so tha
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The Unchanging Qur'an Changes The Q
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during the eighth and ninth centuri
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did not worry over such matters, wh
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Rajam be inflicted on him who commi
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telling indications that it has bee
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ut suddenly verses 238 and 239 inte
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The Non-Arabic Arabic Qur'an A Book
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“We know indeed that they say,
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Puin explains: “The Koran claims
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a person dies, his Book (of deeds)
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The Syriac influence is not restric
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To provide the new religion with it
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What the Qur'an May Have Been A Clu
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An Islamic scholar writing late in
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