robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)

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Schacht, Joseph. The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950. Small, Keith E. Textual Criticism and Qur'an Manuscripts. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2011. At-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History of al-Tabari. Volume XVII, “The First Civil War.” Translated by G. R. Hawting. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996. Wansbrough, John E. Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation. Foreword, translations, and expanded notes by Andrew Rippin. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2004. ———The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History. Foreword, translations, and expanded notes by Gerald Hawting. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2006.
Acknowledgments I could not have written this book at all without the extraordinarily generous and kind assistance of Ibn Warraq, an indefatigable and innovative scholar whose collections on the Qur'an and the historical Muhammad are essential reading for anyone who has more than a passing interest in the origins of Islam. His recommendations for reading and research have given this book any merit it may have—and in this case, the hoary cliché of author's acknowledgments that “what is good in the book is all his, and its errors and failures are all mine” couldn't be truer. Indeed, were it not for a memorable conversation that Ibn Warraq and I once had in The Hague, during which he elucidated for me in a particularly compelling way the weakness of Islam's historical foundations, and a subsequent dinner conversation on the same subject with Hans Jansen (to whom also much thanks for his keen eye in spotting errors and other problems in this manuscript), I would never even have thought to write this book. Nor would this book have been possible without the assistance of Daniel Pipes and the Middle East Forum Educational Fund, to whom I remain grateful. I am indebted to my colleague, partner, and friend Pamela Geller for her aid in sharpening the focus and structure of this book. Her eye for conceptual imprecision, stylistic infelicities, and logical consistency has immensely improved this presentation. Thanks also to my friend Roland Shirk for his invaluable help in finding a home for this manuscript, and for his many helpful suggestions on matters of content and presentation. I am deeply grateful to Jed Donahue as well. He has been a superb editor, deeply attentive to large and small questions raised by the manuscript, and full of extraordinary guidance on how to smooth it out stylistically, tie up loose ends, answer questions left unanswered, and strengthen the book's argument in innumerable ways. There are, as always, many others who have offered advice, support, and searching questions as I have wrestled with the facts and concepts I have tried to outline here. Most would, given the volatile nature of the subject matter, prefer not to be named, but my gratitude to them is not for that any dimmer.
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DID MUHAMMAD EXIST? An Inquiry into
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Dedicated to all those who do not f
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Contents Foreword by Johannes J. G.
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scholars will not be interested in
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650s-660s: Arabian conquest of Nort
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Muhammad and His Family, According
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Introduction
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historicity of Muhammad. Although t
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No one knows, for it has never rece
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Some of the bold scholars who have
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Influenced by this, the historians
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1
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ut this could apply to any of the Q
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Was That Muhammad? In light of all
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leader as the “devil.” It is un
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them, reprimand them, warn them, an
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was not even able to save himself f
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of polemical hyperbole or using a t
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2
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encountering some mention of Islam,
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The first biographer of Muhammad, I
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Allah [is] great in greatness and g
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This Qur'anic material is the earli
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that orthodox theologians produced
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Arabic language, he was eloquent an
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3
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The same can be said of an explanat
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“anyone who establishes in Islam
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But with Muhammad held up as an exe
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When Ibn Umar says that yes, he did
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these are known as as-Sahih as-Sitt
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was self-contradictory or absurd on
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latter's “godlessness and opposit
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Switching On the Full Light of Hist
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Ibn Ishaq's Reliability So are thes
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Muhammad's virtues, or a combinatio
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Jansen administers the coup de grâ
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Central to Islam, therefore, is the
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(Nor, for that matter, do Muslim hi
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5
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The problem with the third option i
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years of age. 6 The earliest Islami
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elationship, the Qur'an also has Ma
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einforced the point that Muhammad h
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“worked on Allah's Apostle so tha
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The Unchanging Qur'an Changes The Q
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during the eighth and ninth centuri
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did not worry over such matters, wh
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Rajam be inflicted on him who commi
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telling indications that it has bee
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ut suddenly verses 238 and 239 inte
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The Non-Arabic Arabic Qur'an A Book
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“We know indeed that they say,
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Puin explains: “The Koran claims
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a person dies, his Book (of deeds)
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The Syriac influence is not restric
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To provide the new religion with it
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What the Qur'an May Have Been A Clu
Page 118 and 119: An Islamic scholar writing late in
Page 120 and 121: Luxenberg states that if Qur'an “
Page 122 and 123: symbolism of the wine of Paradise.
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Page 126 and 127: unbelievers, may say, “What did G
Page 128 and 129: gods except the Creator of all, nor
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Page 134 and 135: who have been true in their covenan
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Page 138 and 139: The First Mention of the Qur'an If
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Page 144 and 145: years after its birth, Islam has re
Page 146 and 147: The realm of political theology, th
Page 148 and 149: The real proliferation of material
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Page 152 and 153: Notes Introduction: The Full Light
Page 154 and 155: 34 Ibid., 63-64 (= Patrologia Greca
Page 156 and 157: 6 Al-Qastellani, X, 342 (quoted in
Page 158 and 159: 7 Arthur Jeffery, “The Quest of t
Page 160 and 161: Chapter 6: The Unchanging Qur'an Ch
Page 162 and 163: 29 Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, v
Page 164 and 165: 49 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Is
Page 167: Further Reading There is a great de
Page 171 and 172: Muhammad and, 2, 7, 24-28, 41, 48,
Page 173 and 174: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Ephraem
Page 175 and 176: Islamic calendar, 48-49, 204 Islami
Page 177 and 178: Mufid, Sheikh al-, 81 Mughira, al-,
Page 179 and 180: Rosenthal, Franz, 154 Ruqayya (daug
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