robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)

23 Ibid., 220.
24 Ibid., 223.
25 Monk of Beth Hale, Disputation, fol. 4b (quoted in Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 471). There were two monasteries of Beth Hale, one in
northern Iraq and the other in Arabia; it is not known in which one this monk lived.
26 Prémare, “‘Abd al-Malik b. Marwan,” 207.
27 Mingana, “The Transmission of the Koran,” 102–3.
28 Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, vol. 4 (Beyrouth: Dar al-Fikr, 1984–85), 195–97n386 (quoted in Prémare, “‘Abd al-Malik
b. Marwan,” 206).
29 Ali Ibn Asakir, Tarikh madinat Dimashq, ed. Muhibb al-Din Umar al-Amrawi, vol. 12 (Beyrouth: Dar al-Fikr, 1995–2000), 116; Ibn
Hajar, Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, 5:303–5n600 (quoted in Prémare, “‘Abd al-Malik b. Marwan,” 209).
30 Powers, Muhammad Is Not the Father, 160.
31 Ahmad Al-Baladhuri, Ansab al-ashraf, ed. Muhammad al-Yalawi, vol. 7 (Beyrouth: Biblioteca Islamica, 2002), 2, 300–301; Ibn Asakir,
Tarikh madinat Dimashq, 12:159–60 (quoted in Prémare, “‘Abd al-Malik b. Marwan,” 208).
32 Ibn Asakir, Tarikh madinat Dimashq, 12:160 (quoted in Prémare, “‘Abd al-Malik b. Marwan,” 209).
33 Crone and Hinds, God's Caliph, 28.
34 Ali Al-Samhudi, Wafa al-Wafa bi-akhbar dar al-Mustafa, ed. Muhammad Muhyi I-Din Abd al-Hamid, vol. 2 (Cairo, 1955; reprinted
Beyrouth: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1984), 667–69 (quoted in Prémare, “‘Abd al-Malik b. Mar-wan,” 205).
35 Umar Ibn Shabba, Tarikh al-Madina al-munawwara, ed. Fahim Muhammad Shaltut, vol. 1 (Mecca, 1979), 7 (quoted in Prémare,
“‘Abd al-Malik b. Marwan,” 204).
36 Abu Bakr Ibn Abi Da'ud al-Sijistani, Kitab al-masahif, ed. Arthur Jeffery (Cairo: al-Matbaa al-Rahmaniyya, 1936), 35:18–19, 49–50
(quoted in Powers, Muhammad Is Not the Father, 161).
37 Prémare, “‘Abd al-Malik b. Marwan,” 204.
38 Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 490–91.
39 Leo-Umar, Letter (Armenian), 292, 297–98, from Arthur Jeffery, “Ghevond's Text of the Correspondence between Umar II and Leo
III,” Harvard Theological Review 37 (1944): 269–322 (quoted in Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 500–501).
40 Mingana, “The Transmission of the Koran,” 109.
41 The Apology of al-Kindy Written at the Court of al-Mamun, circa A.D. 830 (quoted in Mingana, “The Transmission of the Koran,”
109).
42 Ibid.
Chapter 10: Making Sense of It All
1 See Crone and Cook, Hagarism; Donner, Muhammad and the Believers.
2 See Philip K. Hitti, The Arabs: A Short History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943; revised edition Washington, DC: Regnery,
1970), 57–58. Hitti reflects commonly held views that the Byzantines and Persians had exhausted themselves fighting each other and that the
people in the Byzantine domains that the Arabs conquered welcomed the invaders, because the tribute they charged was lower. See also Nevo
and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 93–94.
3 It appears the Arabs did encounter considerable resistance from the captive peoples. Recall the testimony of the Patriarch Sophronius to
the brutality of the conquerors and the misery of the conquered, recounted in chapter 1 of this book. Also, the pioneering historian Bat Ye'or
notes a hadith in which the caliph Umar asked one of his subordinates, “Do you think that these vast countries, Syria, Mesopotamia, Kufa,
Basra, Misr [Egypt] do not have to be covered with troops who must be well paid?” This statement could be a surviving testimony to an
occupation that was not as placid as it is often made out to have been. See Abu Yusuf Ya'qub, Le Livre de l'impôt foncier (Kitâb el-
Kharâdj), trans. Edmond Fagnan (Paris: Paul Guethner, 1921) (quoted in Bat Ye'or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam:
From Jihad to Dhimmitude [Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996], 274).
4 Popp, “The Early History of Islam,” 18–19.
5 For more on this, see the pioneering study by Crone and Cook, Hagarism.
6 See Donner, Muhammad and the Believers.