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29 Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, vol. 6, 506–7. 30 Jeffery, Foreign Vocabulary. 31 Franz Rosenthal, “Some Minor Problems in the Qur'an,” in Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, 332–34. 32 Rosenthal, “Some Minor Problems,” 337. 33 Al-Mahalli and as-Suyuti, Tafsir al-Jalalayn, 1357. 34 Gilliot, “Reconsidering the Authorship of the Qur'an,” 98. 35 Ali, The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an. Language modernized. 36 “The Contradictions of the Qur'an,” Behind the Veil, ch. 11, http://www.answering-islam.org/BehindVeil/btv11.html. 37 Christoph Luxenberg, The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran (Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2000), 9. 38 Alphonse Mingana, “Syriac Influence on the Style of the Koran,” in Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, 175. 39 Ibid., 176, 180. 40 Ibid., 178. 41 Ibid., 178–79. 42 Ibid., 188. 43 Ibid., 181–82. 44 Ibid., 184–86. 45 Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran. 46 Mingana, “Syriac Influence,” 187. 47 Jeffery, Foreign Vocabulary. 48 Ibid. 49 Ali, The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an. 50 Al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller, 011.3, 5. 51 Jeffery, Foreign Vocabulary. 52 Ibn Warraq, “Introduction to Sura IX.29,” in Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, 319. 53 Rosenthal, “Some Minor Problems,” 324. 54 Uri Rubin, “Koran and Tafsir: The Case of ‘an Yadin,’” in Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, 372–80. Chapter 8: What the Qur'an May Have Been 1 Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran. Language modernized. 2 Tafsir al-Jalalayn, 770. 3 For more on furqan, see Fred M. Donner, “On Qur'anic Furqan,” Journal of Semitic Studies 52 (2007): 279–300. 4 C. Heger, “Koran XXV.1: Al-Furqan and the ‘Warner,’” in Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, 387–89. 5 M. Abul Quasem, trans. and ed., The Recitation and Interpretation of the Qur'an: Al-Ghazali's Theory (Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1979), 40–41 (quoted in Abdullah David and M. S. M. Saifullah, “Concise List of Arabic Manuscripts of the Qur'an Attributable to the First Century Hijra,” Islamic Awareness, June 14, 2008, http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/Mss/hijazi.html). 6 Keith E. Small, Textual Criticism and Qur'an Manuscripts (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2011), 69–72. 7 David Margoliouth, “Textual Variations of the Koran,” in Ibn Warraq, The Origins of the Koran, 158. 8 Mingana, “Syriac Influence,” 181–82. 9 Ibn Warraq. Virgins?, 50. 10 Quoted in Gabriel Said Reynolds, “Introduction: Qur'anic Studies and Its Controversies,” in Reynolds, Historical Context, 17.
11 Luxenberg, Syro-Aramaic, 71. 12 Günter Lüling, A Challenge to Islam for Reformation (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2003), 1. 13 Christoph Luxenberg, “Christmas in the Koran,” trans. Ibn Warraq. An abridged version of this article was first published in German in Imprimatur 1 (March 2003): 13–17. 14 Luxenberg, Syro-Aramaic, 104. 15 Ibid., 105–6. 16 Luxenberg, “Christmas in the Koran.” 17 Luxenberg, Syro-Aramaic, 142. 18 Ibid., 256. 19 Ibid., 254. 20 Ibid., 259. 21 Ibid., 288. 22 Ibid., 291. 23 Johannes J. G. Jansen, “Rawwahnahum,” www.arabistjansen.nl/rawwahnaahum.pdf, June 16, 2008. 24 Ibn Rawandi, “On Pre-Islamic Christian Strophic Poetical Texts in the Koran: A Critical Look at the Work of Günther Lüling,” in Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, 671. 25 Ibid., 673. 26 Ibid., 670. 27 Lüling, A Challenge to Islam, 31. 28 Ibn Rawandi, “Pre-Islamic Christian Strophic Poetical Texts,” 672–73. 29 Ibid., 671–72. 30 Luxenberg, “Christmas in the Koran.” 31 Ibid. 32 Ibid. 33 Samir Khalil Samir, “The Theological Christian Influence on the Qur'an,” in Reynolds, Historical Context, 149. 34 Samir, “Theological Christian Influence,” 149. 35 Luxenberg, “Christmas in the Koran.” 36 Samir, “Theological Christian Influence,” 149–50. 37 Luxenberg, “Christmas in the Koran.” 38 Lüling, A Challenge to Islam, 476. 39 Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 10:251. 40 Lüling, A Challenge to Islam, 440–50. 41 For more on the Christological controversies, see J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, rev. ed. (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1978). 42 See Adolph Harnack, History of Dogma, trans. Neil Buchanan, vol. 1 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1901), 291n407. 43 Pseudo-Clementine Homilies, 16.15, http://www.compassionatespirit.com/Homilies/Book-16.htm. 44 Lüling, A Challenge to Islam, 476ff.; see also Ibn Rawandi, “Pre-Islamic Christian Strophic Poetical Texts,” 680ff. 45 Lüling, A Challenge to Islam, 476n66. 46 Ibid., 476. 47 Ibid. 48 Ibn Rawandi, “Pre-Islamic Christian Strophic Poetical Texts,” 680–81.
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DID MUHAMMAD EXIST? An Inquiry into
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Dedicated to all those who do not f
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Contents Foreword by Johannes J. G.
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scholars will not be interested in
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650s-660s: Arabian conquest of Nort
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Muhammad and His Family, According
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Introduction
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historicity of Muhammad. Although t
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No one knows, for it has never rece
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Some of the bold scholars who have
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Influenced by this, the historians
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1
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ut this could apply to any of the Q
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Was That Muhammad? In light of all
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leader as the “devil.” It is un
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them, reprimand them, warn them, an
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was not even able to save himself f
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of polemical hyperbole or using a t
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2
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encountering some mention of Islam,
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The first biographer of Muhammad, I
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Allah [is] great in greatness and g
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This Qur'anic material is the earli
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that orthodox theologians produced
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Arabic language, he was eloquent an
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3
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The same can be said of an explanat
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“anyone who establishes in Islam
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But with Muhammad held up as an exe
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When Ibn Umar says that yes, he did
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these are known as as-Sahih as-Sitt
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was self-contradictory or absurd on
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latter's “godlessness and opposit
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Switching On the Full Light of Hist
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Ibn Ishaq's Reliability So are thes
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Muhammad's virtues, or a combinatio
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Jansen administers the coup de grâ
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Central to Islam, therefore, is the
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(Nor, for that matter, do Muslim hi
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5
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The problem with the third option i
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years of age. 6 The earliest Islami
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elationship, the Qur'an also has Ma
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einforced the point that Muhammad h
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“worked on Allah's Apostle so tha
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The Unchanging Qur'an Changes The Q
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during the eighth and ninth centuri
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did not worry over such matters, wh
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Rajam be inflicted on him who commi
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telling indications that it has bee
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ut suddenly verses 238 and 239 inte
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The Non-Arabic Arabic Qur'an A Book
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“We know indeed that they say,
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Puin explains: “The Koran claims
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a person dies, his Book (of deeds)
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Page 122 and 123: symbolism of the wine of Paradise.
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Page 128 and 129: gods except the Creator of all, nor
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Page 134 and 135: who have been true in their covenan
Page 136 and 137: for them to brandish. Nor is it eve
Page 138 and 139: The First Mention of the Qur'an If
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Page 144 and 145: years after its birth, Islam has re
Page 146 and 147: The realm of political theology, th
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Page 152 and 153: Notes Introduction: The Full Light
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Page 156 and 157: 6 Al-Qastellani, X, 342 (quoted in
Page 158 and 159: 7 Arthur Jeffery, “The Quest of t
Page 160 and 161: Chapter 6: The Unchanging Qur'an Ch
Page 164 and 165: 49 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Is
Page 167 and 168: Further Reading There is a great de
Page 169 and 170: Acknowledgments I could not have wr
Page 171 and 172: Muhammad and, 2, 7, 24-28, 41, 48,
Page 173 and 174: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Ephraem
Page 175 and 176: Islamic calendar, 48-49, 204 Islami
Page 177 and 178: Mufid, Sheikh al-, 81 Mughira, al-,
Page 179 and 180: Rosenthal, Franz, 154 Ruqayya (daug
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