robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)

22 Foss, Arab-Byzantine Coins, 118.
23 Quoted in Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 377.
24 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 383.
25 Yazid was famous as a falconer, and the ruler on this coin is depicted with a bird on his wrist. Foss, Arab-Byzantine Coins, 48.
26 See Christoph Luxenberg, “A New Interpretation of the Arabic Inscription in Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock,” in Ohlig and Puin, The
Hidden Origins of Islam.
27 Estelle Whelan, “Forgotten Witness: Evidence for the Early Codification of the Qur'an,” Journal of the American Oriental Society,
118 (1998): 1–14, reprinted at http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Dome_Of_The_Rock/Estwitness.html. The bracketed material
is in the translation of the inscription as Whelan published it and has not been added by the present author. For more on the Dome of the Rock
inscription, see Oleg Grabar, The Dome of the Rock (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), and Donner, Muhammad and the
Believers. The Qur'an quotations are as in Whelan's translation.
28 Whelan, “Forgotten Witness,” reprinted at http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Dome_Of_The_Rock/Estwitness.html.
29 Luxenberg, “A New Interpretation,” 130.
30 Ibid., 128–29.
31 See Karl-Heinz Ohlig, “Syrian and Arabian Christianity and the Qur'an,” in Ohlig and Puin, The Hidden Origins of Islam, 361–402.
32 Quoted in Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 411.
33 Foss, Arab-Byzantine Coins, 59.
34 Ibid., 110.
35 Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 553.
36 Foss, Arab-Byzantine Coins, 60.
37 Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 551.
38 John bar Penkaye, Ktaba d-rish melle, 155/183, in Sebastian P. Brock, trans., “North Mesopotamia in the Late Seventh Century: Book
XV of John bar Penkaye's Ris Melle,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 9 (1987), 64 (quoted in Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 552).
39 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 250–51.
40 Foss, Arab-Byzantine Coins, 63, 65.
41 Mingana, “The Transmission of the Koran,” 102–3.
42 Fred M. Donner, “The Qur'an in Recent Scholarship,” in Gabriel Said Reynolds, ed., The Qur'an in Its Historical Context (New York:
Routledge, 2008), 35–36.
43 Ali al-Samhudi, Wafa al-Wafa bi-akhbar dar al-Mustafa, ed. Muhammad Muhyi I-Din Abd al-Hamid (Cairo, 1955; repr. Beyrouth:
Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1984), 4 parts in 3 vols. (quoted in Alfred-Louis de Prémare, “‘Abd al-Malik b. Marwan and the Process of the
Qur'an's Composition,” in Ohlig and Puin, The Hidden Origins of Islam, 205).
44 Ibn Hajar, Tahdhib, 2:185n388 (quoted in Prémare, “Abd al-Malik b. Marwan,” 199).
45 Quoted in Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 387, 389.
46 Quoted in Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 397.
Chapter 3: Inventing Muhammad
1 Muhammad Ibn Ismail al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari: The Translation of the Meanings, trans. Muhammad M. Khan (Riyadh:
Darussalam, 1997), vol. 6, book 65, no. 4584.
2 Asbab Al-Nuzul by Al-Wahidi, trans. Mokrane Guezzou, on Qur'an 2:44, http://www.altafsir.com/AsbabAlnuzol.asp?
SoraName=2&Ayah=44&search =yes&img=A.
3 Al-Wahidi, on Qur'an 5:67.
4 Abu Dawud, 2:31 (quoted in Ignaz Goldziher, Muslim Studies, trans. C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern, vol. 2 [New York: George Allen &
Unwin Ltd., 1971], 130).
5 Muqtedar Khan, “The Legacy of Prophet Muhammad and the Issues of Pedophilia and Polygamy,” Ijtihad, June 9, 2003.