robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)

34 Ibid., 63–64 (= Patrologia Greca 94, 765C–769B) (quoted in Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 486–87).
35 Ibid., 64–67 (= Patrologia Greca 94, 769B–772D) (quoted in Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 487).
36 Ibid., 61 (= Patrologia Greca 94, 765A–B) (quoted in Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 488–89).
Chapter 2: Jesus, the Muhammad
1 X represents the Arabic letter , a guttural kh sound.
2 Quoted in Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 409.
3 Contrast this with an inscription on a mosque in Medina, dating from the year 752 (quoted in Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam,
421):
In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate! There is no God but Allah alone, He has no sarik [companion in worship].
Muhammad is the servant of Allah and His messenger.
He it is who sent His messenger with the Guidance and the religion of Truth, to make it victorious over every other religion, even in the
face of the musrikun's [polytheists'] dislike and hatred!
The Servant of God, Commander of the Faithful, has ordered to fear Allah and to obey Him which is to act according to Allah's kitab
[book] and the sunnah [accepted practice] of the Prophet…
4 Quoted in Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 411.
5 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 250.
6 Clive Foss, Arab-Byzantine Coins: An Introduction, with a Catalogue of the Dumbarton Oaks Collection (Washington, DC:
Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2008), 34.
7 Ibid.
8 A hadith narrated by Abu Huraira tells us: “Allah's Apostle said, ‘By Him in Whose Hands my soul is, surely the son of Maryam (Mary)
Iesa (Jesus) will shortly descend amongst you people (Muslims) and will judge mankind justly by the Law of the Qur'an (as a just ruler) and
will break the cross and kill the pig and abolish the Jizya (a tax taken from the non-Muslims, who are in the protection of the Muslim
government). This Jizya tax will not be accepted by Iesa (Jesus). Then there will be abundance of money and nobody will accept charitable
gifts.’” Quoted in Muhammad Ibn Ismail al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari: The Translation of the Meanings, trans. Muhammad M. Khan
(Riyadh: Darussalam, 1997), vol. 3, book 34, no. 2222.
9 Ahmed ibn Naqib al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller (‘Umdat as-Salik): A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law, trans. Nuh Ha
Mim Keller (Beltsville, MD: Amana Publications, 1999), 011.5(6).
10 For more on this from a different perspective, see Donner, Muhammad and the Believers.
11 Volker Popp, “The Early History of Islam, Following Inscriptional and Numismatic Testimony,” in Karl-Heinz Ohlig and Gerd-R. Puin,
eds., The Hidden Origins of Islam (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2010), 55.
12 Popp, “The Early History of Islam,” 113.
13 Ibid., 55, 56.
14 Ibid., 55.
15 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 265–66. The translation of the Qur'anic texts here is that of Nevo and Koren.
16 Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, trans. Alfred Guillaume (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1955), 104; Ibn Warraq, Virgins? What Virgins? And Other Essays (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2010), 50.
17 Alfred Guillaume, “The Version of the Gospels Used in Medina Circa 700 A.D.,” Al-Andalus 15 (1950): 289–96 (quoted in Ibn Warraq,
Virgins?, 50).
18 Foss, Arab-Byzantine Coins, 34.
19 Ibid., 47.
20 See Donner, Muhammad and the Believers.
21 Popp, “The Early History of Islam,” 34–36.