robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)
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earliest available edition of his work dates from 1602 <strong>an</strong>d may have been altered in tr<strong>an</strong>slation)<br />
691: Dome of the Rock inscription declares that “Muhammad is the serv<strong>an</strong>t of God <strong>an</strong>d His messenger”<br />
<strong>an</strong>d that “the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was only a messenger of God,” <strong>an</strong>d features <strong>an</strong><br />
amalgamation of Qur'<strong>an</strong> quotes<br />
696: First coins appear that do not feature <strong>an</strong> image of the sovereign <strong>an</strong>d do feature the Islamic confession<br />
of faith (shahada)<br />
690s: According to a vari<strong>an</strong>t Islamic tradition, Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, governor of Iraq, collects the Qur'<strong>an</strong>,<br />
st<strong>an</strong>dardizes its text, has vari<strong>an</strong>ts burned, <strong>an</strong>d distributes his version to all the Islamic provinces<br />
690s: Hajjaj ibn Yusuf introduces <strong>into</strong> mosque worship the practice of reading from the Qur'<strong>an</strong>, according<br />
to a later Islamic tradition<br />
690s: Hajjaj ibn Yusuf adds diacritical marks to text of the Qur'<strong>an</strong>, enabling the reader to distinguish<br />
between various Arabic conson<strong>an</strong>ts <strong>an</strong>d thereby make sense of the text<br />
711–718: Muslim conquest of Spain<br />
730: Christi<strong>an</strong> writer John of Damascus refers to Islamic theology in detail, <strong>an</strong>d to suras of the Qur'<strong>an</strong>,<br />
although not to the Qur'<strong>an</strong> by name<br />
732: Muslim adv<strong>an</strong>ce <strong>into</strong> western Europe is stopped at the Battle of Tours<br />
750s–760s: Malik ibn Anas compiles the first Hadith collection circa 760 Ibn Ishaq collects biographical<br />
material <strong>an</strong>d publishes first biography of Muhammad<br />
830s–860s: The six major Hadith collections are compiled <strong>an</strong>d published, providing voluminous detail<br />
about Muhammad's words <strong>an</strong>d deeds