robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)

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650s–660s: Arabian conquest of North Africa 651: Muawiya, governor of Syria, writes to the Byzantine emperor Constantine calling on him to renounce Jesus and worship the God of Abraham 653: Uthman collects the Qur'an, standardizes its text, has variants burned, and distributes his version to all the Islamic provinces 654: Arabian conquest of Cyprus and Rhodes 656–661: Caliphate of Ali 661–680: Caliphate of Muawiya 660s/670s: Coin depicts Muawiya holding a cross topped with a crescent 660s/670s: Armenian bishop Sebeos writes a semihistorical, semilegendary account of Mahmet, an Arab preacher who taught his people to worship the God of Abraham and who led twelve thousand Jews, along with Arabs, to invade Palestine 662: Bathhouse in Palestine is dedicated with an official inscription that mentions Muawiya and bears a cross 674: First Arabian siege of Constantinople 680: Anonymous chronicler identifies Muhammad as leader of the “sons of Ishmael,” whom God sent against the Persians “like the sand of the sea-shores” 680–683: Caliphate of Yazid I Early 680s: Coins apparently depicting Yazid feature a cross 685: Abdullah ibn Az-Zubair, rebel ruler of Arabia, Iraq, and Iran, mints coins proclaiming Muhammad as prophet of Allah 685–705: Caliphate of Abd al-Malik 690: Nestorian Christian chronicler John bar Penkaye writes of Muhammad's authority and the Arabians' brutality 690s: Coptic Christian bishop John of Nikiou makes first extant mention of “Muslims” (although the
earliest available edition of his work dates from 1602 and may have been altered in translation) 691: Dome of the Rock inscription declares that “Muhammad is the servant of God and His messenger” and that “the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was only a messenger of God,” and features an amalgamation of Qur'an quotes 696: First coins appear that do not feature an image of the sovereign and do feature the Islamic confession of faith (shahada) 690s: According to a variant Islamic tradition, Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, governor of Iraq, collects the Qur'an, standardizes its text, has variants burned, and distributes his version to all the Islamic provinces 690s: Hajjaj ibn Yusuf introduces into mosque worship the practice of reading from the Qur'an, according to a later Islamic tradition 690s: Hajjaj ibn Yusuf adds diacritical marks to text of the Qur'an, enabling the reader to distinguish between various Arabic consonants and thereby make sense of the text 711–718: Muslim conquest of Spain 730: Christian writer John of Damascus refers to Islamic theology in detail, and to suras of the Qur'an, although not to the Qur'an by name 732: Muslim advance into western Europe is stopped at the Battle of Tours 750s–760s: Malik ibn Anas compiles the first Hadith collection circa 760 Ibn Ishaq collects biographical material and publishes first biography of Muhammad 830s–860s: The six major Hadith collections are compiled and published, providing voluminous detail about Muhammad's words and deeds
Page 2 and 3: DID MUHAMMAD EXIST? An Inquiry into
Page 4 and 5: Dedicated to all those who do not f
Page 6 and 7: Contents Foreword by Johannes J. G.
Page 8 and 9: scholars will not be interested in
Page 12 and 13: Muhammad and His Family, According
Page 14 and 15: Introduction
Page 16 and 17: historicity of Muhammad. Although t
Page 18 and 19: No one knows, for it has never rece
Page 20 and 21: Some of the bold scholars who have
Page 22 and 23: Influenced by this, the historians
Page 24 and 25: 1
Page 26 and 27: ut this could apply to any of the Q
Page 28 and 29: Was That Muhammad? In light of all
Page 30 and 31: leader as the “devil.” It is un
Page 32 and 33: them, reprimand them, warn them, an
Page 34 and 35: was not even able to save himself f
Page 36 and 37: of polemical hyperbole or using a t
Page 38 and 39: 2
Page 40 and 41: encountering some mention of Islam,
Page 42 and 43: The first biographer of Muhammad, I
Page 44 and 45: Allah [is] great in greatness and g
Page 46 and 47: This Qur'anic material is the earli
Page 48 and 49: that orthodox theologians produced
Page 50 and 51: Arabic language, he was eloquent an
Page 52 and 53: 3
Page 54 and 55: The same can be said of an explanat
Page 56 and 57: “anyone who establishes in Islam
Page 58 and 59: But with Muhammad held up as an exe
Page 60 and 61:
When Ibn Umar says that yes, he did
Page 62 and 63:
these are known as as-Sahih as-Sitt
Page 64 and 65:
was self-contradictory or absurd on
Page 66 and 67:
latter's “godlessness and opposit
Page 68 and 69:
Switching On the Full Light of Hist
Page 70 and 71:
Ibn Ishaq's Reliability So are thes
Page 72 and 73:
Muhammad's virtues, or a combinatio
Page 74 and 75:
Jansen administers the coup de grâ
Page 76 and 77:
Central to Islam, therefore, is the
Page 78 and 79:
(Nor, for that matter, do Muslim hi
Page 80 and 81:
5
Page 82 and 83:
The problem with the third option i
Page 84 and 85:
years of age. 6 The earliest Islami
Page 86 and 87:
elationship, the Qur'an also has Ma
Page 88 and 89:
einforced the point that Muhammad h
Page 90 and 91:
“worked on Allah's Apostle so tha
Page 92 and 93:
The Unchanging Qur'an Changes The Q
Page 94 and 95:
during the eighth and ninth centuri
Page 96 and 97:
did not worry over such matters, wh
Page 98 and 99:
Rajam be inflicted on him who commi
Page 100 and 101:
telling indications that it has bee
Page 102 and 103:
ut suddenly verses 238 and 239 inte
Page 104 and 105:
The Non-Arabic Arabic Qur'an A Book
Page 106 and 107:
“We know indeed that they say,
Page 108 and 109:
Puin explains: “The Koran claims
Page 110 and 111:
a person dies, his Book (of deeds)
Page 112 and 113:
The Syriac influence is not restric
Page 114 and 115:
To provide the new religion with it
Page 116 and 117:
What the Qur'an May Have Been A Clu
Page 118 and 119:
An Islamic scholar writing late in
Page 120 and 121:
Luxenberg states that if Qur'an “
Page 122 and 123:
symbolism of the wine of Paradise.
Page 124 and 125:
Syriac connection, has revealed—c
Page 126 and 127:
unbelievers, may say, “What did G
Page 128 and 129:
gods except the Creator of all, nor
Page 130 and 131:
in Paradise reserved exclusively fo
Page 132 and 133:
9
Page 134 and 135:
who have been true in their covenan
Page 136 and 137:
for them to brandish. Nor is it eve
Page 138 and 139:
The First Mention of the Qur'an If
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Uthman approved did not survive, ev
Page 142 and 143:
10
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years after its birth, Islam has re
Page 146 and 147:
The realm of political theology, th
Page 148 and 149:
The real proliferation of material
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from long after the time he is supp
Page 152 and 153:
Notes Introduction: The Full Light
Page 154 and 155:
34 Ibid., 63-64 (= Patrologia Greca
Page 156 and 157:
6 Al-Qastellani, X, 342 (quoted in
Page 158 and 159:
7 Arthur Jeffery, “The Quest of t
Page 160 and 161:
Chapter 6: The Unchanging Qur'an Ch
Page 162 and 163:
29 Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, v
Page 164 and 165:
49 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Is
Page 167 and 168:
Further Reading There is a great de
Page 169 and 170:
Acknowledgments I could not have wr
Page 171 and 172:
Muhammad and, 2, 7, 24-28, 41, 48,
Page 173 and 174:
Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Ephraem
Page 175 and 176:
Islamic calendar, 48-49, 204 Islami
Page 177 and 178:
Mufid, Sheikh al-, 81 Mughira, al-,
Page 179 and 180:
Rosenthal, Franz, 154 Ruqayya (daug
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