Lava cascade in Thunderbolt Distributary of Labyrinth Cave system

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PLATES [In pocket] 1. Caves of the Headquarters Area, Labyrinth Cave System, and Catacombs Cave, Lava Beds National Monument, California. 2. Ovis, Ovis Annex, Paradise Alleys, Hercules Leg, Juniper, and Sentinel Caves and Natural Bridge Area, Lava Beds National Monument, California. 3. Valentine, Tickner, and Berthas Cupboard Caves and Tickner Chimneys, Lava Beds National Monument, California. 4. Merrill Ice Cave, Merrill Natural Bridge, Bearpaw, Kirk Whites, Beaconlight, The Igloo, Skull, Boulevard, Balcony, and Sharks Mouth Caves, Lava Beds National Monument, California. 5. Silver, Post Office, Craig, and Fern Caves and Craig Temple, Lava Beds National Monument, California. 6. Crystal Cave, Heppe Caves, Mammoth Crater-Hidden Valley Area and Breakdowns between Skull Cave and Three Bridges, Lava Beds National Monument, California. FIGURES Frontispiece. Two visitors explore Valentine Cave, a well-preserved cave that is deservedly popular with Lava Beds National Monument visitors. 1. Index map showing location of selected features in and near Lava Beds National Monument and distribution of the basalt of Mammoth Crater 2 2. Photograph showing Medicine Lake shield volcano from northern edge of Lava Beds National Monument 3 3. Photograph showing late afternoon panorama across Lava Beds National Monument to Medicine Lake volcano and Mount Shasta 3 4. Map showing cave locations and lava-tube systems in Lava Beds National Monument 4 5. Photograph showing ropy pahoehoe lava 5 6. Sketch of different lava types 5 7-12. Photographs showing: 7. Aa lava, Devils Homestead flow 5 8. Lava dripstone, Post Office Cave 7 9. Lava driblet, Fern Cave 7 10. Lava stalagmite, Post Office Cave 7 11. Lava drips tone and "pull out," Mush pot Cave 8 12. Lava bench, Crystal Cave 8 13. Sketch of rafted block called Cleopatras Grave, Catacombs Cave 9 14. Map showing cave locations, Cave Loop Road area 10 15. Photograph showing view of the Petro glyphs section of Lava Beds National Monument from the northeastern part of the monument 11 16. Sketch of the Mushpot bubble 13 17-21. Photographs showing: 17. Caliche on wall of Post Office Cave 15 18. False gold cave deposits on wall of Golden Dome Cave 15 19. Arch Cave interior 18 20. Wall of Indian Well Cave 19 21. Lava cascade in tube, Garden Bridges area 21 22. Sketch of tube-in-tube, Garden Bridges area 21 23-71. Photographs showing: 23. Interior of Golden Dome Cave 23 24. Low ceiling, Catacombs Cave 25 25. Shark-tooth-shaped lavacicles, Catacombs Cave 26 VIII Contents
26. The Bathtub Drain, Catacombs Cave 27 27. Bighorn skulls found in Ovis Cave 30 28. Entrance, Ovis Cave 30 29. Collapsed floor, Paradise Alleys tube 31 30. Arch-shaped natural bridge of lava 36 31. Dripstone wall, Hercules Leg Cave 39 32. Collapse blocks on floor of Juniper Cave 39 33. Narrow passage, Sentinel Cave 41 34. Entrance, Valentine Cave 42 35. Lava benches, Valentine Cave 42 36. Schollendome, Captain Jacks Stronghold 43 37. Entrance area, Berthas Cupboard Cave 46 38. Surface collapse of tube allows entrance to Tickner Cave 47 39. Natural bridge near entrance to Tickner Cave 48 40. Benches near entrance, Tickner Cave 49 41. Buckled floor, Tickner Cave 50 42. Large pillar, Berthas Cupboard Cave 52 43. Curled lining, Berthas Cupboard Cave 52 44. Ross Chimneys spatter vents 54 45. Entrance, Merrill Ice Cave 55 46. Trench and hydraulic rampart near Merrill Ice Cave 57 47. Skull Cave entrance and collapse trench 60 48. The Boulevard, Boulevard Cave 64 49. Balcony, Balcony Cave 66 50. Balcony, Silver Cave 70 51. Stacked tubes in Silver Connector, Post Office Cave 71 52. Coated blocks of lava, Red Plaster Room, Post Office Cave 74 53. Cataract Connector, Post Office Cave 75 54. Small triangular-shaped tube, Post Office Cave 78 55. Exit, Post Office Cave 80 56. Basalt of Valentine Cave flow into Craig Cave collapse trench 81 57. Lava layers above entrance, Craig Cave 82 58. Entrance, Fern Cave 83 59. Lava gutter, Fern Cave 84 60. Pictographs, Fern Cave 86 61 . Ice drapery, Crystal Cave 89 62. Ice stalactites and stalagmites meet in Crystal Cave 89 63. Red Ice Room, Crystal Cave 90 64. Ice crystals, Crystal Cave 90 65. Ice crystals form elongate features, Crystal Cave 91 66. Entrance, Lower Heppe Cave 91 67. Schonchin Butte 93 68. Aerial view of former lava lake 94 69. Edge of Callahan flow 96 70. Aerial view of lava-tube collapse trenches adjacent to Schonchin Butte flow 97 71. View of reclaimed Tule Lake and Gillem Bluff from north edge of Lava Beds National Monument near Captain Jacks Stronghold 99 Contents IX
Page 2 and 3: Lava cascade in Thunderbolt Distrib
Page 4 and 5: Frontispiece. Two visitors explore
Page 6 and 7: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL L
Page 8 and 9: Caves easily accessible from Cave L
Page 12 and 13: Many of the feature names used in t
Page 14 and 15: Tulelake LOWER KLAMATH LAKE Prisone
Page 16 and 17: EXPLANATION ................... Lav
Page 18 and 19: flow, then the lava may pool behind
Page 20 and 21: "pull outs" where the dripping plas
Page 22 and 23: Mushpot, Catacombs, Ovis, and Merri
Page 24 and 25: Waters agreed to do the cave mappin
Page 26 and 27: into the distributary in the genera
Page 28 and 29: crawled 180 ft from the Mushpot tub
Page 30 and 31: es of plaster clog its continuation
Page 32 and 33: level of the tube. The southern ent
Page 34 and 35: surface collapse and only one comer
Page 36 and 37: dead-end passages on different vert
Page 38 and 39: and a roof covered with lavacicles
Page 40 and 41: puzzles abound in the Catacombs; do
Page 42 and 43: Ovis Cave Apparently, E.L. Hopkins
Page 44 and 45: thus forms a bridge over the broken
Page 46 and 47: pit is located along the southwest
Page 48 and 49: lava tubes, and the upper parts of
Page 50 and 51: occupies the lava pool just upstrea
Page 52 and 53: underway. Collapse to the surface h
Page 54 and 55: one located just below ceiling heig
Page 56 and 57: high, but it immediately widens to
Page 58 and 59: low depths along fissures. Many sma
Page 60 and 61:
collapse (map 9, pl. 3). Two others
Page 62 and 63:
For a short distance below the coll
Page 64 and 65:
circle the two large downstream pil
Page 66 and 67:
where it opens into the north end o
Page 68 and 69:
water well, the cave changes marked
Page 70 and 71:
the older Schonchin Butte lava flow
Page 72 and 73:
here to the entrance, the tube is f
Page 74 and 75:
One cannot walk beneath it, as unde
Page 76 and 77:
Room-is actually a natural bridge,
Page 78 and 79:
pooled in the mouth ofthe tributary
Page 80 and 81:
perfection and cleanliness of its l
Page 82 and 83:
etween the benches. The levees are
Page 84 and 85:
tubes created a cave floor that is
Page 86 and 87:
cessive accretionary linings of lav
Page 88 and 89:
two levels were joined by a breakdo
Page 90 and 91:
ft and passes through several level
Page 92 and 93:
stream, the ceiling heights drop, t
Page 94 and 95:
Cave. Collapse rubble half fills Cr
Page 96 and 97:
heights are between 12 and 20 ft in
Page 98 and 99:
Blue Glacier Room, where continuati
Page 100 and 101:
upstream from the one noted by the
Page 102 and 103:
Red Ice Room (fig. 63), which lies
Page 104 and 105:
tation that this tube system was fe
Page 106 and 107:
sured ground now occupies nearly tw
Page 108 and 109:
The larger and more interesting cav
Page 110 and 111:
part talus was reversed. Moreover,
Page 112 and 113:
long and 300ft in maximum width. Th
Page 114:
and lunar implications: Communicati
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Lava cascade in Thunderbolt Distributary of Labyrinth Cave system

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