BEHAVIOR

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CONTENTS ix 3.3 68 Cuing a stigmatized or entitled identity can affect students’ performance 3.4 71 Changing disruptive children’s mental models related to trust improved adult outcomes 4.1 82 Poverty is a fluid state, not a stable condition 4.2 83 Financial scarcity can consume cognitive resources 4.3 84 Measuring executive function and fluid intelligence 4.4 88 Targeting on the basis of bandwidth may help people make better decisions S3.1 94 How poor and affluent people in New Jersey view traveling for a discount on an appliance S3.2 95 How World Bank staff view traveling for a discount on a watch S3.3 96 How people in Jakarta, Indonesia, view traveling for a discount on a cell phone S3.4 96 How people in Nairobi, Kenya, view traveling for a discount on a cell phone S3.5 97 How people in Lima, Peru, view traveling for a discount on a cell phone 5.1 99 Variations by wealth in basic learning skills are evident by age three in Madagascar 5.2 100 Abilities in receptive language for three- to six-year-olds vary widely by wealth in five Latin American countries 5.3 101 Unrelenting stress in early childhood can be toxic to the developing brain 5.4 104 There is greater variation across countries in cognitive caregiving than in socioemotional caregiving 5.5 106 A program in rural Senegal encourages parents to engage verbally with their children 5.6 107 Early childhood stimulation in Jamaica resulted in long-term improvements in earnings 6.1 117 Simplifying information can help reduce take-up of payday loans 6.2 119 Changing default choices can improve savings rates 6.3 121 Commitment savings accounts can improve agricultural investment and profit 6.4 122 Popular media can improve financial decisions 7.1 131 Unexpected wage increases can trigger a productivity dividend 7.2 133 Public recognition can improve performance more than financial incentives can 7.3 137 Altering the timing of purchases can be as effective as a subsidy for improving investment 7.4 138 Not noticing a decision can hurt productivity 8.1 148 If a well-known person has a disease, the public might think more seriously about ways to prevent it 8.2 150 Take-up of health products drops precipitously in response to very small fees 8.3 152 Text message reminders can improve adherence to lifesaving drugs 8.4 153 Changing social norms is important but not sufficient for ending open defecation 9.1 163 Worldviews can affect perceptions of the risk posed by climate change 9.2 164 Predicting the effect of rainfall forecasts on the success of growing familiar crops was difficult for farmers in Zimbabwe 9.3 167 Democratic rules can achieve high levels of resource sustainability S5.1 177 The story of Bogotá’s 1997 water supply crisis 10.1 183 How development professionals interpreted data subjectively 10.2 186 How World Bank staff viewed sunk costs
x CONTENTS B10.3.1 188 How World Bank staff predicted the views of poor people 11.1 193 Understanding behavior and identifying effective interventions are complex and iterative processes Photo 8.1 148 Former Brazilian president Lula da Silva’s battle with throat cancer was widely covered in the media Tables O.1 6 People have two systems of thinking O.2 13 Examples of highly cost-effective behavioral interventions 1.1 27 People have two systems of thinking 11.1 196 Different obstacles may require different intervention design (Case study: increasing home water chlorination) 11.2 197 Experimental evidence is accumulating on the effectiveness of many psychologically and socially informed designs
Page 1 and 2: 2015 world development report A Wor
Page 4 and 5: A World Bank Group Flagship Report
Page 6 and 7: Contents xi xiii xvii Foreword Ackn
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS vii 128 Chapter 7: Product
Page 12 and 13: Foreword As I write, the world is f
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgments This Report was pre
Page 16: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv Olmedilla, Ed Mo
Page 20 and 21: OVERVIEW Human decision making and
Page 22 and 23: OVERVIEW 3 to individuals in develo
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Page 26 and 27: OVERVIEW 7 However, human sociality
Page 28 and 29: OVERVIEW 9 behavior. In many cases,
Page 30 and 31: OVERVIEW 11 social networks and soc
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Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW 23 ground Limit Their Ambi
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Page 46 and 47: THINKING AUTOMATICALLY 27 system, u
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CHAPTER 2 Thinking socially Humans
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WHEN CORRUPTION IS THE NORM 61 and
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THINKING WITH MENTAL MODELS 63 and
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THINKING WITH MENTAL MODELS 65 inst
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THINKING WITH MENTAL MODELS 67 in w
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THINKING WITH MENTAL MODELS 69 now
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THINKING WITH MENTAL MODELS 71 Figu
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THINKING WITH MENTAL MODELS 73 scho
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THINKING WITH MENTAL MODELS 75 Swid
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entertainment education 77 use and
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CHAPTER 4 Poverty At least once a y
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how well do we understand the conte
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how well do we understand the conte
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EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 99 that
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EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 101 Pov
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EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 103 res
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EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 105 in
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EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 107 ste
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EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 109 tio
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CHAPTER 6 Household finance Financi
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PRODUCTIVITY 129 farmers, a policy
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PRODUCTIVITY 131 Something similar
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PRODUCTIVITY 133 tend to compare th
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PRODUCTIVITY 135 They were also no
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PRODUCTIVITY 137 evidence from West
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PRODUCTIVITY 139 (Hanna, Mullainath
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PRODUCTIVITY 141 Camerer, Colin, Li
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CHAPTER 8 Health Every day, people
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CLIMATE CHANGE 161 burning fossil f
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CLIMATE CHANGE 163 energy-efficient
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CLIMATE CHANGE 165 The future is fa
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CLIMATE CHANGE 167 principle, but t
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CLIMATE CHANGE 169 of home electric
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CLIMATE CHANGE 171 relatively small
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CLIMATE CHANGE 173 Efficiency Attit
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PART 3 Improving the work of develo
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THE BIASES OF DEVELOPMENT PROFESSIO
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adaptive design, adaptive intervent
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why should governments shape indivi
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206 INDEX automatic thinking (cont.
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208 INDEX early childhood developme
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210 INDEX India (cont.) sugar cane
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212 INDEX policy design. See also a
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214 INDEX Tools of the Mind, 108 tr
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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