50thKaikoura05 -1- Kaikoura 2005 CHARACTERISATION OF NEW ...

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consistent with a marine deposition can be identified as a function of the relative stratigraphic height of the carbonates in this study. It is concluded, on the basis of the trace element geochemical evidence presented herein, that late Archaean stromatolitic carbonates of the Fortescue Group record deposition in a lacustrine environment, to the top of the group. Our study demonstrates that trace element geochemistry is a powerful tool to constrain depositional environments of ancient (and modern) carbonate rocks. To our knowledge, our study is the first to document the geochemical characteristics of carbonates formed through microbial activity in an ancient lake setting, with important implications for the development of early life. POSTER THE ORIGIN OF NEW ZEALAND: CAMBRIAN INTRA-OCEANIC ARC ACCRETION TO THE GONDWANA MARGIN CONSTRAINS THE LOCATION OF PROTO-NEW ZEALAND J.D. Bradshaw,M.Gutjahr,S.D.Weaver&K. N. Bassett Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand (john.bradshaw*canterbury.ac.nz) Data from New Zealand (NZ) and northern Victoria Land (NVL, Antarctica) indicate strongly that the Cambrian Devil River intra-oceanic arc accreted to the Gondwana margin in the Middle to Late Cambrian. The close similarity of NZ arc rocks and immediate post-arc sediments to those of northern Victoria Land (Antarctica) firmly place the two regions in the same tectonic framework and imply paleogeographic proximity. The arc & backarc setting in NZ and NVL contrasts with accepted models of fore-arc collision for Cambrian orogenesis in Tasmania and southern Australia. Combined sedimentological, paleontological, geochemical and geochronological data from NZ and NVL show that by the Middle to Late Cambrian, the accreted arcs were partially buried by the deposits of major fluvial systems derived from sources both within the arc and within the Gondwana continent. In NZ, sandstone clasts of Precambrian Gondwana origin first appear in channelised marine conglomerate in the youngest part of the Tasman Formation ( Boomerangian stage) and are joined, in the succeeding marginal marine to fluvial Lockett Conglomerate (Mindyallan stage), by continental-arc plutonic clasts. In NVL, rare clasts of continental-arc plutonic rocks occur in Boomerangian and older rocks, but conglomerates with arc plutonic clasts become abundant only in the upper part of the Mariner Group (Mindyallan and Idamean stages). These conglomerates are marine and interbedded with turdidites and fossiliferous mudstones. The fluvial Carryer Conglomerate is probably late Idamean or younger. Thus the first appearance of coarse fluvial deposits is 1-2 million years later in NVL than in NZ. There is considerable evidence that the Ross Orogeny was the result of oblique convergence and that the tectonic-plutonic maximum progressed from south (near polar) to north. In this context, back-arc basin closure and arc accretion most probably progressed from south to north. The data above suggest that the NZ portion of the back-arc basin and arc lay to the south of the NVL portion, possibly east of southern Victoria Land. Comparisons of post-Ross-Delamerian sedimentation of Latest Cambrian-Ordovician age in mainland Australia and Antarctica with that in New Zealand show significant differences. Australian and Antarctic Ordovician rocks are very thick and almost entirely detrital, whereas the NZ Ordovician includes thick developments of carbonate rocks (Arthur Marble, Takaka terrane). Only in Tasmania are Ordovician carbonates well developed but Tasmania is now generally considered to have been a crustal block separate from Australia. Together, these data suggest that the attachment of the NZ portion of the arc to the continental margin may have been short-lived and that the proto-NZ block was rifted away from the Gondwana margin in the early Ordovician and became an isolated crustal block within the broader Lachlan belt. In contrast the Buller terrane closely resembles the western Lachlan fold-belt. ORAL LABORATORY MODELLING OF SEISMICALLY TRIGGERED MOUNTAINSIDE COLLAPSES F. Buech 1 , T.R. Davies 1 ,J.R.Pettinga 1 &J.B. Berrill 2 1 Dept. of Geological Sciences, 2 Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch. (f.buech*geol.canterbury.ac.nz) Strong seismic events can initiate slope failure leading to devastating mass movements of a wide range of sizes and types. Earthquake-induced rock avalanches represent one of the most damaging of all seismic hazards. This research project focuses on the kinematic response of mountain slopes to strong seismic shaking. We are designing a physical laboratory model at small scale (1:10,000) that will simulate controlled seismic waves propagating through a three-dimensional mountain 50 th Kaikoura05 -10- Kaikoura 2005
model. The relative position of the mountain to the direction of the incoming seismic wave field, topographic modification and local resonance effects are likely to be important factors for triggering deep-seated failures within the mountain leading to catastrophic mountainside collapses and characteristically bowl-shaped source scars. Seismic waves interfering with local geological and topographical conditions will produce site-specific ground motions within the mountain edifice. The measurement of ground motion at different positions of the small-scale mountain surface will provide information on the effect of slope topography on strong seismic ground motion. The combination of the physical laboratory modelling data with a numerical analysis will then be used to evaluate dynamic internal stress fields developed, to infer the location of potential deep-seated failure surfaces, and to estimate possible volumes of seismically triggered mass movements. In addition to the laboratory modelling a seismic field experiment will provide an indication of the degree to which the small-scale model data can be extrapolated to comparable full-scale field situations. Detailed geotechnical field investigations of coseismic landslide sites within the Southern Alps of New Zealand (e.g. Acheron, Craigieburn rock avalanche) will provide information about specific rock fabrics and morphological parameters and will be used as a reference to improve and calibrate the physical laboratory and numerical modelling. This research project is a combination of physical laboratory and numerical modelling techniques with seismic field tests and geotechnical investigations to deepen the understanding of coseismic landslide initiation within bedrock mountain edifices. It can be seen as a first attempt to set up a deterministically-based methodology for evaluating mountain slopes susceptibility to failure during strong earthquakes and for predicting the impacts of future coseismic landslides. POSTER RECENT ALPINE FAULT EARTHQUAKES William B. Bull Geosciences Department, University of Arizona, 1040 E 4th Street, Tucson, AZ, USA University of Canterbury, Natural Hazards Research Centre (Bill*ActiveTectonics.com) Tree-ring analyses and lichenometry precisely date a recent cluster of three Alpine fault earthquakes, and describe their seismic shaking intensities. Marked suppressions of annual growth rings of New Zealand cedar (Libocedrus bidwillii) at seismically sensitive Oroko Swamp and Alex Knob are attributed to prehistorical surface ruptures on the nearby Alpine fault. These forest disturbance events were synchronous (± 2 yr at 2�) with regional rockfall events dated by lichenometry using Rhizocarpon subgenus Rhizocarpon. Using the names of previous workers these are, ± 5 yr, the 1715 Toaroha, 1615 Crane Creek, and 1580 A. D. Waitaha events. This cluster of magnitude Mw ~7 earthquakes occurred in a brief time span of only 135yr. The Waitaha event was the smallest, with a surface rupture limited to the central Alpine fault. Crane Creek was the largest event with a surface rupture that probably extended from the Nelson Lakes to the central Alpine fault. The Toaroha event consisted of two surface ruptures, one from northcentral and the other on the southern Alpine fault. This figure shows trends in seismic shaking based on spatial variations in the abundance of rock-fall blocks dating to times of the three most recent prehistoric Alpine fault earthquakes. An index value of 10 or more is about equivalent to a Mercalli seismic shaking intensity of 7 or more. ORAL 50 th Kaikoura05 -11- Kaikoura 2005
Page 1 and 2: CHARACTERISATION OF NEW ZEALAND NEP
Page 3 and 4: myrtaceous. One 20 mm diameter flow
Page 5 and 6: ange of lower resolution or fragmen
Page 7 and 8: CRETACEOUS-EOCENE TRANSGRESSION MAR
Page 9: consists of a well-developed canyon
Page 13 and 14: converts to plate theory. Thus, the
Page 15 and 16: and on the following morning the mi
Page 17 and 18: the LGM grass peak. This period of
Page 19 and 20: offshore west coast to offshore eas
Page 21 and 22: 4 Institut de Recherche pour le Dé
Page 23 and 24: VEGETATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE AT TH
Page 25 and 26: wider range. The youngest layer has
Page 27 and 28: few normal faults visible especiall
Page 29 and 30: TRACKING CRUSTAL DIFFERENTIATION AN
Page 31 and 32: EMPIRICAL SCALING RELATIONS FOR SEI
Page 33 and 34: hydrovolcanic eruptions then took p
Page 35 and 36: and that the MTL marks a Late Carbo
Page 37 and 38: faunal changes within these cores w
Page 39 and 40: material at subsurface depths of se
Page 41 and 42: survived through in low numbers in
Page 43 and 44: in the TVZ and southern Havre Troug
Page 45 and 46: Tephra beds are commonly used to ai
Page 47 and 48: The MCC is bounded by deep-seated t
Page 49 and 50: distal alluvial plains where large
Page 51 and 52: Many of the molluscs in the highly
Page 53 and 54: incremental slip history and paleoe
Page 55 and 56: This paper explores what we know of
Page 57 and 58: volcanism and a linear vent oriente
Page 59 and 60: These areas are also described in
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3D IMAGING OF THE FORE- AND BACKTHR
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ascending methane fluids/gases of p
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THE GRIFFENS ROAD TEPHRAS: VALUABLE
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sideritic concretions that occur in
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with 63.8%, and then [3] with 49.9%
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U-Th-Ra disequilibria data. In part
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landslide tsunami in the past. Rece
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core complex mode, temperature driv
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truncating three plutonic suites of
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active, andesitic White Island volc
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and voluminous than at any on Earth
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oundaries and with immature source
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The new era of commercial viability
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TECTONICS OF THE GALATEA BASIN USIN
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performed by the electron backscatt
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25km northeast of the volcano. Alth
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Most of the tectonic blocks in the
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TECTONIC AND NON-TECTONIC CAUSES OF
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The continental shelf of the Povert
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5 Dept. of Mineral Sciences, Smiths
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Adams CJ...........................
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Naish T............................
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