European Red List of Bees

3.6 Gaps in knowledge
Taxonomic impediment
The bee Red List resulted in 56.7% of species being Data
Deficient in Europe (Figure 3). Many taxa of solitary bees, like
the Andrenidae, non-cirbiculate Apinae and Nomadinae, still
require basic taxonomic research before they can be classified
as other than Data Deficient. While the Andrenidae represents
23.6% of bee species diversity in Europe and pollinate an
important number of plants, including crops, it remains
unknown how many species there are within this diverse group.
Bee systematics (the science of determining the relationships
between species) is relatively poorly supported in Europe
(and even worse in the developing world) compared to
North America. There is no equivalent of research funding
at the European level to the National Science Foundation
in USA or the taxonomic initiative in Sweden (http://www.
artdata.slu.se/). A European wide initiative to promote bee
systematic research is essential in order to determine how
many species there actually are. This is the basic requirement
for conserving the patrimony of species diversity.
A second aspect of the taxonomic impediment is the lack
of taxonomic expertise. Unfortunately, the community of
European bee taxonomists has been markedly reduced during
the second part of the last century. There is consequently
a unique wealth of publications about bees in Europe but
very few address the basic systematic questionson a broad
scale. Many of the modern taxonomists turned to more
applied, fundamental or local approaches of systematics
and therefore lasting taxonomic questions about the taxa
at broader scales have not been addressed. An illustration
of the deficiency, is that there is no European equivalent
of the Michener et al. (1994) key for the North American
bees. At species level, many taxa like the genera Megachile
and Andrena, or the tribes Anthophorini, Eucerini and
Nomadini still need basic taxonomic research.
provides an insightful overview of the available local
resources. While precise information on bee fauna
(species number and species distribution) are available
for countries like Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium,
UK, Germany or Switzerland, south eastern European
countries like Albania, Greece or Bulgaria are less well
covered.
Monitoring has to be fuelled by data from long-term
surveys. These kinds of surveys help us understand the
population dynamics of species and how they can shift in
response to environmental changes. The few studies that
provide long term data on bees in Europe are very useful.
For example Dupont et al. (2011) conducted a survey
of the bumblebee community on red clover. Of twelve
Bombus species that were observed in the 1930’s, five of
them were not recorded during the contemporary re-survey
study. The latter were all long-tongued, late-emerging
species which are specialised on long corolla flowers like red
clover. Long-tongued bumblebee species showed consistent
and dramatic declines in species richness and abundances
throughout the flowering season of red clover, which is in
decline in Europe, while the short-tongued species were
largely unaffected. These local results help us to understand
the pattern of decline observed in bees. Bommarco et al.
(2011) observed the same tendencies in Sweden.
Conservation of European bees would massively benefit
from a systematic continental surveillance programme to
determine the occurrence and abundance of key species
and communities. This also requires the digitisation of
data from experts and specimens in national collections,
especially in the southern and eastern countries.
Stelis annulata (Data Deficient). © D. Genoud.
Finally, a review of European bee diversity based on new
molecular tools will help reveal cryptic species such as
those that were shown to exist for bumblebees in Europe
(see Lecocq et al. 2014) and the halictid bees of North
America (Gibbs 2009).
National monitoring and survey
Reviewing published checklists (country and continental
level), the national records and the National Red Lists
25