PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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during crises – a conceptual framework......................................... 51 2.6 Chapter summary ........................................................................ 56 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS ................................................... 58 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 58 3.2 Selection of the study area ........................................................... 59 3.3 Sampling of informants ................................................................ 62 3.4 Data collection techniques and their limitations ........................... 65 3.4.1 Documentary data..................................................................... 66 3.4.2 Observation and informal interviews.......................................... 68 3.4.3 Key informant interviews ........................................................... 70 3.4.4 Household interview .................................................................. 72 3.5 Preparation for the interviews....................................................... 74 3.6 Pre-testing of questionnaire .......................................................... 75 3.7 Household interview schedule and supplementary questions....................................................... 78 3.8 Reliability of household interview data.......................................... 79 3.9 Case histories and mapping ......................................................... 81 3.10 Notes and data recording............................................................ 82 3.11 General reflections around the data............................................ 84 3.12 Data analysis ............................................................................. 86 3.13 Research ethics .......................................................................... 87 3.14 Chapter summary ...................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH REGION: HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS, AND RESOURCES...................................................................................... 91 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 91 4.2 Brief historical background of the Turkana people........................ 93 4.3 General description of the Turkana District .................................. 96 4.4 Ecological classification ................................................................ 99 4.5 Temperature................................................................................. 100 4.6 Rainfall ........................................................................................ 100 viii
4.7 demographic considerations ......................................................... 102 4.8 livelihood platform in the Turkana District ................................... 103 4.8.1 Natural capital .......................................................................... 104 4.8.2 Physical capital ......................................................................... 110 4.8.3 Human capital .......................................................................... 112 4.8.4 Financial capital........................................................................ 120 4.8.5 Political capital.......................................................................... 127 4.8.6 Social capital............................................................................. 130 4.9 Chapter summary ........................................................................ 136 CHAPTER 5 VULNERABILITY CONTEXT IN THE TURKANA DISTRICT 138 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 138 5.2 Factors asserting pressure on the Turkana livelihood system........ 142 5.2.1 Drought and famine occurrence ................................................ 142 5.2.1.1 Phases of drought and effects in Turkana ............................... 144 5.2.2 History of negative policy environment....................................... 147 5.2.2.1 The colonial period ................................................................. 147 5.2.2.1.1 The era of engolekume, 1888-1963 ...................................... 147 5.2.2.1.2 The period of apetaret, 1901-1924 ....................................... 149 5.2.3.1.3 Imperialism and land use system......................................... 153 5.2.3.1.4 Famine amelioration measures ............................................ 156 5.2.2.2 Post-independence period....................................................... 157 5.2.2.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 157 5.2.2.2.2 Inappropriate government policies for pastoral areas ........... 158 5.2.2.2.3 Food security measures in turkana...................................... 160 5.2.3 Customary response to famine .................................................. 162 5.2.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 162 5.2.3.2 Social organization ................................................................. 163 5.2.4 The legality in the traditional turkana society ............................ 174 5.2.5 The religious practice among the turkana .................................. 176 5.2.6 Chapter summary ..................................................................... 177 ix
Page 1 and 2: Turkana livelihood strategies and a
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgement This work was carri
Page 7: Table of contents Abstract ........
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
Page 13 and 14: Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
Page 16 and 17: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
Page 18 and 19: settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
Page 20 and 21: esults in increased deterioration o
Page 22 and 23: prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
Page 24 and 25: disease infection as they became vi
Page 26 and 27: Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
Page 28 and 29: temporary assistance to impoverishe
Page 30 and 31: local patterns of adjustment to dro
Page 32 and 33: stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
Page 34 and 35: strategies 19 and achievement of su
Page 36 and 37: Therefore, the main goal of this st
Page 38 and 39: Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
Page 40 and 41: neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
Page 42 and 43: occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
Page 44 and 45: are aimed to directly reduce pressu
Page 46 and 47: 1.6 Justification for the study. Th
Page 48 and 49: placed on the contribution of socia
Page 50 and 51: CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
Page 52 and 53: 2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
Page 54 and 55: livelihood to cope with and recover
Page 56 and 57: change and development. Here, it im
Page 58 and 59:
Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
Page 60 and 61:
draw when pursuing different liveli
Page 62 and 63:
2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
Page 66 and 67:
to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
Page 76 and 77:
The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
Page 80 and 81:
Sampling key informants: There was
Page 82 and 83:
Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
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interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
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directly and gave me the reasons wh
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a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
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with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
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interviews and/or interviewees. The
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in reciprocal claims and social net
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to thorough analysis to eliminate a
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me for a period of two years to ass
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CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
Page 196 and 197:
CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
Page 206 and 207:
Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
Page 218 and 219:
able to maintain a fairly steady su
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limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
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Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
Page 224 and 225:
than group solidarity. 142 However,
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Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
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iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
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Another respondent narrated how he
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when to give, sell or slaughter an
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that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
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passively, but ventured out creativ
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CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
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According to Table 14, the two stud
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To appreciate the analysis in Table
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estimating global income poverty fi
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it was clear that respondents were
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‘poor’ category though reduced
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Notes: • Households in each categ
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environment became quite marked. Ap
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Notes: I) The food sources were arr
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7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
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strategies in one approach. How pas
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the puzzling problem with numbers.
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The sustainable livelihood model ha
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that Turkana people are passive and
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nation is usually caught unaware of
Page 268 and 269:
Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
Page 270 and 271:
Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 272 and 273:
Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275:
Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277:
Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279:
McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 280 and 281:
Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 282 and 283:
Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285:
Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287:
Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
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3………………………….. 1
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Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
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Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
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Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297:
Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299:
Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301:
285
Page 302 and 303:
287
Page 304:
289
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