PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

egging, and the pawning of women and children. These are definitely
unusual behaviours, which, under normal pastoral conditions, are not
allowed.
Although the symbolic interaction theory expands the analysis of
adjustment behaviour, it does not capture certain aspects of pastoralists’
adjustment strategies, like reciprocity and symbiosis, which is the focus of
this study. These aspects are addressed by the social exchange theory.
2.4 Social exchange theory.
Reciprocity is perhaps best explained by the social exchange theory of
Homans (1961) and Blau (1964).
The social exchange theory is a utilitarian scheme for the study of human
behaviour. It assumes that people always behave rationally to maximize
gain. It emphasizes the fact that people behave according to anticipated
rewards, and, where faced with competing choices, they will choose the
option which carries the higher rewards. The rewards could be material
things, or they could be purely social and psychological such as
acceptance, prestige, sympathy, praise or esteem.
As in all situations of social interaction, ideology (shared values), beliefs,
goals, and expectations are the motivating factors. Motivation to act
derives out of the probability that the interacting individual’s goals will be
realized, or interests served.
In pastoral communities, reciprocity is an important insurance system. 39 It
is established and maintained by the constant exchange of livestock gifts.
Danny de Vries, et al. (2006) maintains that pastoralists hoard stock to
39 This study adopts Wlaker and Jodha (1986) definition of insurance as a deliberate
household strategy to anticipate failures in individual income streams by maintaining a
spread of activities.
49