PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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esources constrain their livelihoods, they welcomed and shared their information with me. I am forever indebted to all of them. I would like to thank all members of academic staff, and non-teaching staff at the School of Geography, Environment and Earth Science for providing an invigorating academic and social setting. Special thanks to my PhD colleagues especially my “fellow combatants” Alok, Shukri, and Dona. Thanks also go to audiences who attended my seminar, and anonymous reviewers of articles laying the foundation of this thesis. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my family especially my wife Quin, and children, Beverly, Maxine and Tessie whose love, unfailing encouragement, understanding, continuing support and prayers have always been a sort of spiritual dynamics propelling me through every difficult moment during my study. Things were not always easy and certain obstacles prevented us from doing what we would have done. Finally, my years of childhood and adolescence prepared me well for what I have been able to achieve here. I cannot adequately express my gratitude to my parents Stephen Juma and Mary Adhiambo for their unstinting kindness, love, support, encouragements, help, and care at every turn of the road. It was they who cultivated in me the gifts that have enabled me to bring this work to completion. I would also like to thank my brothers Laurence Juma and Benard Ochieng, and sister Milka Akinyi for their moral and practical support. vi
Table of contents Abstract ............................................................................................ iii Acknowledgement ............................................................................. v Table of contents............................................................................... vii List of figures .................................................................................... xii List of tables ..................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................. 1 1.1 Historical background to drought and famine in pastoral lands in sub-Saharan Africa ...................................... 1 1.2 The drought problem – a concern for African pastoralists ............ 6 1.3 Research problem: critical gap in response to drought and famine in the Turkana District, Kenya ................. 10 1.4 Social networks and rural livelihoods .......................................... 21 1.5 Social networks and pastoral livelihoods...................................... 23 1.6 Justification of the study............................................................. 31 1.7 Organization of the study ............................................................ 32 1.8 Chapter summary and hypotheses .............................................. 33 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY ............... 35 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 35 2.2 Emergence of the sustainable livelihoods approach...................... 37 2.2.1 Principles and concepts of sustainable livelihoods approach applicable to this study.............................................. 39 2.2.2 Explaining the sustainable livelihoods approach framework ................................................................. 44 2.2.3 Critique to sustainable livelihoods approach framework ................................................................ 45 2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and adjustments .............................. 47 2.4 Social exchange theory ................................................................ 49 2.5 Turkana pastoralists’ adjustment scheme vii
Page 1 and 2: Turkana livelihood strategies and a
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
Page 5: Acknowledgement This work was carri
Page 9 and 10: 4.7 demographic considerations ....
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
Page 13 and 14: Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
Page 16 and 17: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
Page 18 and 19: settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
Page 20 and 21: esults in increased deterioration o
Page 22 and 23: prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
Page 24 and 25: disease infection as they became vi
Page 26 and 27: Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
Page 28 and 29: temporary assistance to impoverishe
Page 30 and 31: local patterns of adjustment to dro
Page 32 and 33: stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
Page 34 and 35: strategies 19 and achievement of su
Page 36 and 37: Therefore, the main goal of this st
Page 38 and 39: Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
Page 40 and 41: neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
Page 42 and 43: occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
Page 44 and 45: are aimed to directly reduce pressu
Page 46 and 47: 1.6 Justification for the study. Th
Page 48 and 49: placed on the contribution of socia
Page 50 and 51: CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
Page 52 and 53: 2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
Page 54 and 55: livelihood to cope with and recover
Page 56 and 57:
change and development. Here, it im
Page 58 and 59:
Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
Page 60 and 61:
draw when pursuing different liveli
Page 62 and 63:
2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
Page 64 and 65:
egging, and the pawning of women an
Page 66 and 67:
to stress, especially to rapid popu
Page 68 and 69:
climate, and socio-economic conditi
Page 70 and 71:
livelihood security and sustainabil
Page 72 and 73:
somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
Page 74 and 75:
and the degree of variations (or ho
Page 76 and 77:
The reasons for choosing Morulem as
Page 78 and 79:
Figure 5: Total households in each
Page 80 and 81:
Sampling key informants: There was
Page 82 and 83:
Library research was carried out at
Page 84 and 85:
Once I had found somewhere to live
Page 86 and 87:
interviews (nine days for Morulem a
Page 88 and 89:
constituted changes in response to
Page 90 and 91:
interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
Page 92 and 93:
directly and gave me the reasons wh
Page 94 and 95:
a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
Page 96 and 97:
with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
Page 98 and 99:
interviews and/or interviewees. The
Page 100 and 101:
in reciprocal claims and social net
Page 102 and 103:
to thorough analysis to eliminate a
Page 104 and 105:
me for a period of two years to ass
Page 106 and 107:
CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
Page 108 and 109:
4.2 Brief historical background of
Page 110 and 111:
group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
Page 114 and 115:
The Turkana know their environment
Page 116 and 117:
July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
Page 118 and 119:
Figure 7 Population projections by
Page 120 and 121:
normally get access to graze their
Page 122 and 123:
and Suguta. According to Norconsult
Page 124 and 125:
forming a canopy forest with little
Page 126 and 127:
capital, and the material culture o
Page 128 and 129:
Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
Page 130 and 131:
secondary schools, as compared to b
Page 132 and 133:
the medical services and end up dea
Page 134 and 135:
stock, greatly depends on the avail
Page 136 and 137:
Traditionally, livestock ownership
Page 138 and 139:
The importance of livestock in the
Page 140 and 141:
informants, relatives, neighbours a
Page 142 and 143:
to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
Page 144 and 145:
For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
Page 146 and 147:
the same clan, and to avoid giving
Page 148 and 149:
Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
Page 150 and 151:
Informants argued that when a widow
Page 152 and 153:
has made visible efforts to develop
Page 154 and 155:
people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
Page 158 and 159:
the history of the Turkana, drought
Page 160 and 161:
also lead to conflict with other he
Page 162 and 163:
5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
Page 168 and 169:
the British administration in Turka
Page 170 and 171:
of northern West Kenya. The colonia
Page 172 and 173:
fishing (Turkana Development Annual
Page 174 and 175:
The project failed due to lack of s
Page 176 and 177:
Similar problems hampered other dev
Page 178 and 179:
influence of irregularly - and some
Page 180 and 181:
uild shelters, the satellite camps
Page 182 and 183:
neighbourhoods in an area of about
Page 184 and 185:
As discussed previously, the Turkan
Page 186 and 187:
Figure 17: Territorial sections in
Page 188 and 189:
Each age-set has distinct character
Page 190 and 191:
cutting of these species of trees f
Page 192 and 193:
considerable period of time. He wou
Page 194 and 195:
unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
Page 196 and 197:
CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
Page 198 and 199:
drought as compared to the 1979-198
Page 200 and 201:
also foot and mouth disease which a
Page 202 and 203:
informants explained that camels, u
Page 204 and 205:
On the defence of pastures during p
Page 206 and 207:
Crude computation of the data gives
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
Page 210 and 211:
ebellious warriors and their genera
Page 212 and 213:
partly help to explain why not many
Page 214 and 215:
interviews. It represented a consen
Page 216 and 217:
asking for assistance is not only a
Page 218 and 219:
able to maintain a fairly steady su
Page 220 and 221:
limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
Page 222 and 223:
Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
Page 224 and 225:
than group solidarity. 142 However,
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Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
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iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
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Another respondent narrated how he
Page 232 and 233:
when to give, sell or slaughter an
Page 234 and 235:
that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
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passively, but ventured out creativ
Page 238 and 239:
CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
Page 240 and 241:
According to Table 14, the two stud
Page 242 and 243:
To appreciate the analysis in Table
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estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247:
it was clear that respondents were
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‘poor’ category though reduced
Page 250 and 251:
Notes: • Households in each categ
Page 252 and 253:
environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255:
Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257:
7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259:
strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261:
the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263:
The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265:
that Turkana people are passive and
Page 266 and 267:
nation is usually caught unaware of
Page 268 and 269:
Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
Page 270 and 271:
Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 272 and 273:
Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275:
Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277:
Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279:
McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 280 and 281:
Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 282 and 283:
Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285:
Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287:
Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 288 and 289:
3………………………….. 1
Page 290 and 291:
Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
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Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
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Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297:
Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299:
Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301:
285
Page 302 and 303:
287
Page 304:
289
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