PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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Figure 3: A framework for micro-policy analysis of rural livelihoods. 37 Livelihood platform Assets: Natural capital, physical capital, Human capital, financial capital, social capital. A B C D E F Access modified by Social relations: Gender, Class, Age, Ethnicity. Institutions: Rules and customs, Land tenure, markets in practice. Organisations: Associations, NGOs, Local administration and state agencies. In context of Trends: Population Migration, Technical change, Relative prices, Macro policy, National economics trends, World economic trends. Shocks: Drought, Floods, Pest, Diseases, Civil war. Source: Ellis (2000: 30). Adapted from Scoones (1998: 4) and Carney (1998: 5). 37 The framework originates from work on vulnerability and famines (Davies 1996; Swift 1989); livelihood system approaches to gender analysis (Grown and Sebstad 1989); analysis of poverty-environment interactions (Reardon and Vosti 1995); asset vulnerability approach to urban poverty reduction (Moser 1998); and research on sustainable rural livelihoods (Bebbington 1999; Scoones 1998). 43 Resulting in Livelihood strategies Composed of Natural resource based activities: Collection, cultivation (food), Cultivation (non-food), livestock, Non- farm NR. Non natural resource based activities Rural trade, rural manufacture, remittances. With effects on Livelihood security: Income level, Income stability, Seasonality, Degree of risk. Environmental sustainability: Soil and land quality, Water, Rangelands, Forests, Biodiversity.
2.2.2 Explaining the sustainable livelihood approach framework. One of the key components of Ellis’ framework, shown in Figure 3, is assets. Ellis regards the “asset status of poor individuals as fundamental to understanding the options open to [the rural poor], the strategies they adopt for survival and their vulnerability to adverse trends and events” (Ellis 2000:28). The assets can be understood as the tangible and intangible resources that the household is in possession of through ownership, control, claim or accession by other means, and can be used directly or indirectly to generate livelihoods. The greater and more varied the asset base, the higher and more durable the level of sustainability and security of livelihoods. Assets can be divided into different forms of ‘capital’. The categories of assets that are used by Ellis are natural, physical, human, financial, and social capital. Natural capital refers to natural resource stocks such as land, water, trees, pasture, and wildlife, and environmental services such as hydrological cycle and pollution sinks, from which resource flows and services useful for livelihoods are derived (DFID 2001; Ellis 2000; Scoones 1998). The productivity of these resources may be degraded or improved by human management (DFID 2001; Ellis 2000). Physical capital is that capital created by the economic production processes. It includes infrastructure such as roads, canals, electricity supply, and water supply; and also producer goods such as tools and machinery. Financial capital 38 consists of stocks of money or other savings in liquid form. It also includes access to credit and easily disposed assets such as livestock, (ibid). Human capital is constituted by the quantity (number of productive individuals) and quality (what these individuals know and how hard they are able to work) of labour available at the household level; therefore it is determined by household size, and also by the education, skills, and health of household members. Social capital is the social resources such as contact networks, social claims, social relations, affiliations, associations, and mutual trust, upon which people 38 Scoones (1998) labeled financial and physical capitals together as economic capital 44
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
Page 7 and 8: Table of contents Abstract ........
Page 9 and 10: 4.7 demographic considerations ....
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
Page 13 and 14: Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
Page 16 and 17: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
Page 18 and 19: settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
Page 20 and 21: esults in increased deterioration o
Page 22 and 23: prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
Page 24 and 25: disease infection as they became vi
Page 26 and 27: Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
Page 28 and 29: temporary assistance to impoverishe
Page 30 and 31: local patterns of adjustment to dro
Page 32 and 33: stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
Page 34 and 35: strategies 19 and achievement of su
Page 36 and 37: Therefore, the main goal of this st
Page 38 and 39: Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
Page 40 and 41: neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
Page 42 and 43: occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
Page 44 and 45: are aimed to directly reduce pressu
Page 46 and 47: 1.6 Justification for the study. Th
Page 48 and 49: placed on the contribution of socia
Page 50 and 51: CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
Page 52 and 53: 2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
Page 54 and 55: livelihood to cope with and recover
Page 56 and 57: change and development. Here, it im
Page 60 and 61: draw when pursuing different liveli
Page 62 and 63: 2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
Page 64 and 65: egging, and the pawning of women an
Page 66 and 67: to stress, especially to rapid popu
Page 68 and 69: climate, and socio-economic conditi
Page 70 and 71: livelihood security and sustainabil
Page 72 and 73: somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
Page 74 and 75: and the degree of variations (or ho
Page 76 and 77: The reasons for choosing Morulem as
Page 78 and 79: Figure 5: Total households in each
Page 80 and 81: Sampling key informants: There was
Page 82 and 83: Library research was carried out at
Page 84 and 85: Once I had found somewhere to live
Page 86 and 87: interviews (nine days for Morulem a
Page 88 and 89: constituted changes in response to
Page 90 and 91: interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
Page 92 and 93: directly and gave me the reasons wh
Page 94 and 95: a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
Page 96 and 97: with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
Page 98 and 99: interviews and/or interviewees. The
Page 100 and 101: in reciprocal claims and social net
Page 102 and 103: to thorough analysis to eliminate a
Page 104 and 105: me for a period of two years to ass
Page 106 and 107: CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
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able to maintain a fairly steady su
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limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
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Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
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than group solidarity. 142 However,
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Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
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iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
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Another respondent narrated how he
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when to give, sell or slaughter an
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that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
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passively, but ventured out creativ
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CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
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According to Table 14, the two stud
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To appreciate the analysis in Table
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estimating global income poverty fi
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it was clear that respondents were
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‘poor’ category though reduced
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Notes: • Households in each categ
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environment became quite marked. Ap
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Notes: I) The food sources were arr
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7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
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strategies in one approach. How pas
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the puzzling problem with numbers.
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The sustainable livelihood model ha
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that Turkana people are passive and
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nation is usually caught unaware of
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Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
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Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
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Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
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Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
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Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
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McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
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Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
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Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
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Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
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Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
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3………………………….. 1
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Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
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Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
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Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
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Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
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Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
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285
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287
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