PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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Appendix 7: Introductory Letter from Supervisor 8 January, 2007 To whom it may concern, I am writing to introduce to you Mr Richard Juma and to request your kind assistance to him. Richard is currently a PhD student in Development Studies at the Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He will be researching the topic of “Turkana Livelihood strategies and adaptation to drought in Kenya” over the next 6 months beginning in January. Your assistance to him in his research work will contribute to his efforts at identifying how Turkana households are able to sustain livelihoods in increasingly arid conditions and the most appropriate ways in which their livelihood strategies can be enhanced. It is likely that Richard’s study will increase our understanding of Turkana livelihoods and identify sustainable strategies to reduce their vulnerability to droughts. It is hoped that the findings of his research will be of benefit to Government, aid agencies, NGOs, community organisations and the wider Turkana community. Yours faithfully Professor Vijay Naidu Director, Development Studies Institute of Geography School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Victoria University PO Box 600 Wellington Tel: +64-4-463-5281 Fax: +64-4-463-5186 279
Appendix 8: Information Sheet to Participants RESEARCH PROJECT: TURKANA LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES AND ADAPTATION TO DROUGHT IN KENYA. Dear………………………………………………………….. I am a PhD student in Development studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. As part of this degree, I am undertaking a research project leading to a thesis. The project I am undertaking is investigating how the Turkana people in North West, Kenya adapt to an increasingly arid environment. The knowledge gained through this research will help to evaluate the appropriateness of the existing approach to drought impacts and whether enough effort has been put to identify alternative approaches to build resilience to drought in rural Turkana. I would like to invite you and your (awi) to participate in my research to share insights on your practices, realities and observations regarding your livelihoods in the face of drought. Your observations will be tape recorded and transcribed. You will have the opportunity to review transcribes for accuracy. You are also free to withdraw at any time during your participation without any question. Data will be safely stored during and after the research by me with reasonable security safeguards against loss, unauthorized access, use, modification or disclosure and other misuse. Only my three supervisors and I will have access to the information collected. That information will be kept by me for a period of 18 months to assist in data analysis and writing of thesis. After 18 months duration, all the information will be destroyed and electronically wiped out. Specific personal information will not be used and you will not be able to be identified in my report. I will strictly protect the confidentiality of the information you provide. On completion of the project, I will present my findings to you in a comprehensive form. A PhD thesis will be prepared and subsequently published in part or as a whole. I will greatly appreciate your cooperation in this important piece of research work for the Turkana people and our country as a whole. If you have any questions concerning this undertaking, please do not hesitate to address them to me or my principal supervisor Professor Vijay Naidu, Director Development studies, School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria university, P.O Box 600, Wellington, Phone: +64-4-463-6108, Fax: +64-4-463 5186, Email vijay.naidu@vuw.ac.nz, Thank You, RICHARD OTIENO JUMA Email: Richard.juma@vuw.ac.nz or juma_bandeko@yahoo.co.uk Mobile:+254-724158971 280
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
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2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
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to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
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The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
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Sampling key informants: There was
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Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
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interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
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directly and gave me the reasons wh
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a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
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with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
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interviews and/or interviewees. The
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in reciprocal claims and social net
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to thorough analysis to eliminate a
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me for a period of two years to ass
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CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
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able to maintain a fairly steady su
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limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
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Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
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than group solidarity. 142 However,
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Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
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iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
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Another respondent narrated how he
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when to give, sell or slaughter an
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that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
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passively, but ventured out creativ
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CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
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According to Table 14, the two stud
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To appreciate the analysis in Table
Page 244 and 245: estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247: it was clear that respondents were
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Page 250 and 251: Notes: • Households in each categ
Page 252 and 253: environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255: Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257: 7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259: strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261: the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263: The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265: that Turkana people are passive and
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Page 268 and 269: Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
Page 270 and 271: Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 272 and 273: Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275: Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277: Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279: McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 280 and 281: Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 282 and 283: Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285: Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287: Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 288 and 289: 3………………………….. 1
Page 290 and 291: Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
Page 292 and 293: Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
Page 296 and 297: Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301: 285
Page 302 and 303: 287
Page 304: 289
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