PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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Appendix 5: Gender and the Division of Labour among the Turkana Duties Women Men Home management and maintenance roles Roles in livestock production Roles in cultural production Non-pastoral activities • Fetching water for household use • Preparing food and gathering wild fruits for domestic consumption • Fetching firewood • Cleaning the compound and construction of: - animal kraals ((anok) - Main house (akai) - Children resting shelter (ekal) - Sleeping and cooking area (atabo) • Watering the livestock other than cattle (goats, donkeys and camels) by scooping water from the wells into a big calabash for the animals to drink • Preparation for migration to new locations • Milking the stock and positioning it out into different uses for the household • Herding small stock (goats). • Socialization: bring forth children and nurturing them as they grow. Socialize the children into the Turkana way of life. • Supervise young girls when dowry is being paid, and later prepare them as brides on their wedding days. • Older women and even younger ones make skin clothes for girls and married women. • Women prepare food and even sing during rituals such as child-naming and weddings • Weaving of mats, baskets and hats Source: (Wawire 2003: 1-3) and Field data (2006) 277 • Husband and father • Decision making and supervisory roles e.g. delegate duties to women and children. • Ensuring discipline in the home • Providing for the family • Ensuring that the livestock get pasture • Exploring good grazing land and water when the drought sets in. • Providing health services to the animals in the form of traditional herbs. • Making decisions on the slaughter and sale of animals or when and where to migrate • Providing security to animals and household members. • Organizing family meetings to deliberate on matters relating to the clan and family • Socialization of boys into adult roles in the Turkana society. They teach young boys the skills in herding (how to locate and identify good pasture/water source, herbs to cure diseases infecting herd), social adults skills of being a good husband and father and protecting the herd and the family. • Custodian of cultural values. Men make all decisions related to animal slaughter, migration, marriage and dowry payment and rituals and their performance. • Start small business activities such as charcoal selling and kiosk ownership
Appendix 6: Ethics Approval: No 138/2006 TO <strong>Richard</strong> <strong>Juma</strong> COPY TO Professor Vijay Naidu 278 Phone 0-4-463 5676 Fax 0-4-463 5209 Email Allison.kirkman@vuw.ac.nz FROM Dr Allison Kirkman, Convener, Human Ethics Committee DATE 17 December 2006 PAGES 1 SUBJECT Ethics Approval: No 138/2006, Adaptation to drought in arid areas in Kenya: a study of the livelihood strategies of Turkana pastoralists. Thank you for your application for ethical approval, which has now been considered by the Standing Committee of the Human Ethics Committee. Your application has been approved and this approval continues until 30 July 2007. If your data collection is not completed by this date you should apply to the Human Ethics Committee for an extension to this approval. Best wishes with the research. Allison Kirkman Convener
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
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2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
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to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
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The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
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Sampling key informants: There was
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Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
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interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
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directly and gave me the reasons wh
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a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
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with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
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interviews and/or interviewees. The
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in reciprocal claims and social net
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to thorough analysis to eliminate a
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me for a period of two years to ass
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CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
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able to maintain a fairly steady su
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limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
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Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
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than group solidarity. 142 However,
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Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
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iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
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Another respondent narrated how he
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when to give, sell or slaughter an
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that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
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passively, but ventured out creativ
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CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
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According to Table 14, the two stud
Page 242 and 243: To appreciate the analysis in Table
Page 244 and 245: estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247: it was clear that respondents were
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Page 250 and 251: Notes: • Households in each categ
Page 252 and 253: environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255: Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257: 7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259: strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261: the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263: The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265: that Turkana people are passive and
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Page 268 and 269: Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
Page 270 and 271: Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 272 and 273: Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275: Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277: Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279: McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 280 and 281: Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 282 and 283: Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285: Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287: Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 288 and 289: 3………………………….. 1
Page 290 and 291: Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
Page 294 and 295: Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297: Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301: 285
Page 302 and 303: 287
Page 304: 289
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