PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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3………………………….. 10. How effective were these strategies in weathering the disaster? …………………………………………………………………. 11. In your case, when did you first learn that you were going to face acute food shortage? ………………………………………………………………………………………. 12. What did you personally do to weather the drought and famine problem? Enumerate starting with the one which came first: 1………………………………………… 2…………………………………….. 3…………………………………….. 13. How effective were these adjustments in your case? ………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………….. 14. What help did your family get from the bond-friends enumerated in Q.2 above? Name of the bond-friend Help received how frequently? .................................... ………………… ................. …………………….. …………………. ................. 15. What help did you give out to your bond-friends? Name of the bond-friend how much given? how frequently? .................................... ………………… ................. …………………….. …………………. ................. 16. Were there any human losses in your family from drought and famine? YES/NO If yes, give the following details: Name Age Sex Mother (if child) Date lost Cause 1………….. ….. M/F …….. ….. ….. 2…………. ….. M/F …….. ….. ….. 3………….. ….. M/F …….. ….. ….. 17. Were there any human losses you know of due to drought and famine in the neighbourhood outside your family? YES/NO If yes, give the following details: Name Age Sex locality cause of death 1………….. ….. M/F ….. ….. 2…………. ….. M/F ….. ….. 3………….. ….. M/F ….. ….. 18. Did you send any of your family members away to stay with relatives, friends or neighbours to ease the strain on domestic food resources? YES/NO If yes give details as to whom, when and how long? …………………………………………………… 273
19. Did any member of the family migrate to town, irrigation scheme, lakeshore etc in search of food or employment? YES/NO If yes, give the following details: Name of migrant Age sex where migrated to when returned 1…………….. ….. M/F …………………. ……………. 2……………. ….. M/F …………………. …………….. 20. Give details of what help the migrants in Q.19 above got from where they had gone? What help found how much sent home? 1………………. ……………. 2……………….. ……………. 3…………….. ……………. 21. When was your name entered in the famine relief list? ……………………………………………………………………………….. 22. Which of your family member remained in the countryside as you moved closer to the famine relief supply centre? ……………………………………………………………………………… 23. Who is now in-charge of your surviving livestock in the pasturelands? …………………………………………………………………………………….. 24. What form of non-pastoral food aid did your family receive from anywhere/anybody before the Kenya government supplied food to this locality? …………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………….. 25. Considering what we have discussed, how would you describe the situation of household/other villagers now? Explain • Do you consider yourself and/or them better than the way you were before drought or vice versa? ………………………………………………………………………………… • What do you plan for your children in future, and what do you wish for your grandchildren? ………………………………………………………………………………….. 274
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
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2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
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to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
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The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
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Sampling key informants: There was
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Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
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interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
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directly and gave me the reasons wh
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a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
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with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
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interviews and/or interviewees. The
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in reciprocal claims and social net
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to thorough analysis to eliminate a
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me for a period of two years to ass
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CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
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able to maintain a fairly steady su
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limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
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Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
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than group solidarity. 142 However,
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Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
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iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
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Another respondent narrated how he
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when to give, sell or slaughter an
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that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
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passively, but ventured out creativ
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
Page 240 and 241: According to Table 14, the two stud
Page 242 and 243: To appreciate the analysis in Table
Page 244 and 245: estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247: it was clear that respondents were
Page 248 and 249: ‘poor’ category though reduced
Page 250 and 251: Notes: • Households in each categ
Page 252 and 253: environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255: Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257: 7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259: strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261: the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263: The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265: that Turkana people are passive and
Page 266 and 267: nation is usually caught unaware of
Page 268 and 269: Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
Page 270 and 271: Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 272 and 273: Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275: Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277: Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279: McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 280 and 281: Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 282 and 283: Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285: Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287: Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 290 and 291: Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
Page 292 and 293: Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
Page 294 and 295: Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297: Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301: 285
Page 302 and 303: 287
Page 304: 289
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