PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of Modernization in Kenya-a Spatial Analysis of Social Change, Economic and Political Change. Syracuse Geographical Series No. 2. Soper, R. C. (1985). Social - Cultural Profile of Turkana District: Institute of African Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya. Spear, T., and Waller, R. (1993). Being Maasai : Ethnicity and Identity in East Africa. London: James Currey. Spencer, I. (1983). Pastoralism and Colonial Policy in Kenya, 1895-1929. In R. Rotberg (Ed.), Imperialism, Colonialism and Hunger: East and Central Africa (pp. 4). Lexington: Lexington Books. Spencer, P. (1965). The Samburu: A Study of Gerontocracy in a Nomadic Tribe: Berkeley: University of California Press. Spencer, P. (1973). Nomads in Alliance. Symbiosis and Growth among the Rendile and Samburu of Kenya: London: Oxford University Press. Strauss, A., and Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory, Procedures and Techniques: SAGE Publications. Stryker, S. (1973). Fundamental Principles of Social Interaction: John Wiley and Sons. Sutter, J. (1982). Commercial Strategies, Drought and Monetary Pressure: Wo'daa'be Nomads of Tanout Arrondissement Niger. Nomadic peoples 11, 26-60. Swift, J. (1985). Planning against Drought and Famine in Turkana, Northern Kenya. Oxfam and Turkana Rehabilitation Project Report. Nairobi: Government Printer, Kenya. Swift, J. (1989). Why Are Rural People Vulnerable to Famine? IDS Bulletin, 20(2), 8-15. Toulmin, C. (1986). "Access to Food, Dry Season Strategies and Household Size Amongst the Bambara of Central Mali". IDS Bulletin, 17(3), 58-66. Turkana Development Annual Report (1936). Turkana District Annual Report. Nairobi: Kenya National Archive. Turkana Development Annual Report (1938). Turkana District Annual Report. Nairobi: Kenya National Archives. Turkana Development Annual Report (1939). Turkana District Annual Report. Nairobi: Kenya National Archive. Turkana Development Annual Report (1942). Turkana District Annual Report Nairobi: Kenya National Archive. 267
Turkana Development Annual Report (1943). Turkana District Annual Report. Nairobi: Kenya National Archives. Turkana Development Annual Report (1948). Turkana District Annual Report Nairobi: Kenya National Archive. Turkana Development Annual Report (1949). Turkana District Annual Report Nairobi: Kenya National Archive. Turkana Development Annual Report (1963). Turkana District Annual Report. Nairobi: Kenya National Archive. Turkana Development Annual Report (1966). Turkana District Annual Report, 1928-1961. Nairobi: Kenya National Archives. Turkana Drought Contigency Planning Unit (1992). District Drought Manual. Lodwar: Government Printer, Kenya. Turkana Political Records. Miscellaneous: 1971-1943 (File No. TURK/59, DC/TURK 3/1). Nairobi: Kenya National Archive. Turkana Political Records: Miscelleneous: 1921-1945 (File No. TURK/17, DC/TURK 1/1). Nairobi: Kenya National Archive. Umar, A. (1994). Symposium for Sustainable Development of North Eastern Kenya: Pastoralists Forum. Nairobi: Crescent of Hope. UNDP (2000). Report on the Status of Drought Preparedness and Mitigation in Sub- Saharan Africa. United Nations (Volume 1). New York: Office of Combat Desertification and Drought, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). UNEP (2000). Devastating Drought in Kenya: Environmental Impacts and Responses. Nairobi: UNEP. UNICEF (2006). As Drought Lingers, Kenya's Nomadic Turkana Tribes Are among the Worst Affected. Retrieved May 1, 2006, from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/kenya_31798.html UNSO (1999). Drought Preparedness and Mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: United Nations Office to Combat Desertification and Drought. Van Zwanenberg, R., and King, A. (1975). An Economic History of Kenya and Uganda, 1800-1970. London: MacMillan. Von Braun, J., and Pandya-Lorch, R. (1991). Income Sources of Malnourished People in Rural Areas: Micro-Level Information and Policy Implications. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. 268
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
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2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
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to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
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The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
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Sampling key informants: There was
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Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
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interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
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directly and gave me the reasons wh
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a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
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with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
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interviews and/or interviewees. The
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in reciprocal claims and social net
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to thorough analysis to eliminate a
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me for a period of two years to ass
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CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
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able to maintain a fairly steady su
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limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
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Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
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than group solidarity. 142 However,
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Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
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iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
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Another respondent narrated how he
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Page 234 and 235: that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
Page 236 and 237: passively, but ventured out creativ
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
Page 240 and 241: According to Table 14, the two stud
Page 242 and 243: To appreciate the analysis in Table
Page 244 and 245: estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247: it was clear that respondents were
Page 248 and 249: ‘poor’ category though reduced
Page 250 and 251: Notes: • Households in each categ
Page 252 and 253: environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255: Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257: 7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259: strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261: the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263: The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265: that Turkana people are passive and
Page 266 and 267: nation is usually caught unaware of
Page 268 and 269: Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
Page 270 and 271: Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 272 and 273: Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275: Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277: Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279: McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 280 and 281: Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 284 and 285: Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287: Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 288 and 289: 3………………………….. 1
Page 290 and 291: Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
Page 292 and 293: Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
Page 294 and 295: Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297: Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301: 285
Page 302 and 303: 287
Page 304: 289
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