PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A. (2003). 'the Shape of Utility Functions and Organizational Behaviour'. Management Science, 49(9), 1251-1263. Porter, P. W. (1987). "Wholes and Fragments: Reflections on the Economy of Affection, Capitalism, and the Human Cost of Development". Geografiska Annaler, 68B(1- 14). Pottier, J. (1993). African Systems under Stress. Issues, Perspectives and Methodologies.Unpublished manuscript, Brighton, Desktop Display, . Pratt, D. J., and Gwynne, M. D. (1966). A Classification of East African Rangeland with an Appendix on Terminology. Journal of Applied Ecology, 3(36), 382. Pratt, D. J., and Gwynne, M. D. (1977). Rangeland Management and Ecology in East Africa. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University press. Ragin, C. (1994). Constructive Social Research. Sociology for a New Century: Pine Forge Press, California. Rahmato, D. (1991). Famine and Survival Strategies, Sweden, Uppsala. Reardon, T. (1997). Using Evidence of Household Income Diversification to Inform Study of the Rural Nonfarm Labour Market in Africa World Development, 25(5), 735-747. Reardon, T., and Vosti, S. A. (1995). Links between Rural Poverty and the Environments in Developing Countries: Asset Categories and Investment Poverty. World Development, 23(9), 1495-1506. Republic of Kenya (1992). Development Policy for the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (Asal). Nairobi: Government Printer, Kenya. Republic of Kenya (1999). National Population Census: Report Prepared by Ministry of Planning and National Development. Nairobi: Government printer, Kenya. Republic of Kenya (2002). Turkana District Development Plan 2002-2008: Effective Management for Sustainable Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction. Nairobi: Government Printer, Kenya. Republic of Kenya (2006). Arid Lands Resource Management Project - Turkana District. Consolidated Progress Report 2003/4 -2005/6. Nairobi: Government Printer, Kenya. Robinson, P. (1980, June 15-17 ). Disaster Responses among the Gabbra of Northern Kenya. An Historical Perspective. Paper presented at the National Museum of Kenya, Nairobi,. 265
Robinson, P. (1985). Gabra Nomadic Pastoralism in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Northern Kenya: Strategies for Survival in a Marginal Environment. Phd Dissertation. NorthWestern University, Evanston, IL. Salkind, N. J. (2003). Exploring Research, 5th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Salzman, P. (1981). Afterward: On Some General Theoretical Issues. In J. G. Galaty and P. Salzman (Eds.), Change and Development in Nomadic and Pastoral Societies (pp. 158): Leiden: E.J. Brill. Schafer, J. (2002). Supporting Livelihoods in Situations of Chronic Conflict and Political Instability. Overview of Conceptual Issues: Overseas Development Institute Working paper: 183. Scheneider, H. (1957). The Subsistence Role of Cattle among the Pokot of East Africa. American Anthropologist, 59(2), 278-300. Schumacher, E. F. (1997). Small Is Beautiful. New York: Harper and Row. Schutz, A. (1970). Phenomenology and Social Relations; Selected Writings. Edited and with an Introduction by Helmut R.Wagner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Scoones, I. (1994). The Economic Value of Livestock in the Communal Areas of Southern Zimbabwe Unpublished Manuscript: Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis. Bringhton: IDS working paper: 72. Sen, A. K. (1981). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Enitlements and Deprivation. . Oxford: Clarendon press. Sen, A. K. (1985). Commodities and Capabilities. Amsterdam: North Holland. Shanmugaratnam, N. (2002). From Emergency Relief to Local Development and Civil Society Building. Dryland Group Report No. 18. Dryland Coordination Group. Retrieved May 21, 2006, from http://www.drylands-group.org/Articles/300.html Siegel, P., and Alwang, D. J. (1999). An Asset-Based Approach to Social Risk Management: A Conceptual Framework and Social Protection Washington DC.: World Bank Discussion Paper No. 9926. Sinclair, J., and Ham, L. (2000). Household Adaptive Strategies: Shaping Livelihood Security in the Western Himalaya. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 21(1), 89-112. Sobania, N. (1992). 'Feasts, Famines and Friends: Nineteenth Century Exchange and Ethnicity in the Eastern Lake Turkana Region'. Boulder: Westview Press. 266
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
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2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
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to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
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The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
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Sampling key informants: There was
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Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
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interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
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directly and gave me the reasons wh
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a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
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with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
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interviews and/or interviewees. The
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in reciprocal claims and social net
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to thorough analysis to eliminate a
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me for a period of two years to ass
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CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
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able to maintain a fairly steady su
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limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
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Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
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than group solidarity. 142 However,
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Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
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iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
Page 230 and 231: Another respondent narrated how he
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Page 234 and 235: that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
Page 236 and 237: passively, but ventured out creativ
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
Page 240 and 241: According to Table 14, the two stud
Page 242 and 243: To appreciate the analysis in Table
Page 244 and 245: estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247: it was clear that respondents were
Page 248 and 249: ‘poor’ category though reduced
Page 250 and 251: Notes: • Households in each categ
Page 252 and 253: environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255: Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257: 7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259: strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261: the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263: The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265: that Turkana people are passive and
Page 266 and 267: nation is usually caught unaware of
Page 268 and 269: Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
Page 270 and 271: Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 272 and 273: Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275: Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277: Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279: McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 282 and 283: Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285: Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287: Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 288 and 289: 3………………………….. 1
Page 290 and 291: Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
Page 292 and 293: Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
Page 294 and 295: Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297: Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301: 285
Page 302 and 303: 287
Page 304: 289
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