PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and Failure. The Breakdown of Traditional Drought Coping Institutions among the Pastoral Turkana of Kenya. Journal of African and Asian Studies, 25(3-4), 146-160. McCabe, J. T. (2002). Impact of and Response to Drought among Turkana Pastoralists. In A. Oliver-Smith and S. Hoffman (Eds.), Culture and Catastrophe (pp. 213-236). Santa Fe: School of American Research Press. McCabe, J. T., and Ellis, J. E. (1987). "Beating the Odds in Arid Africa". Natural History, 1, 33-34. Mean, G. H. (1964). Mind, Self and Society. Chicago University: University of Chicago Press. Migot-Adhola, S. E., and Little, P. D. (1981, August 4-8 ). Evolution of Policy Towards the Development of Pastoral Areas in Kenya. Paper presented at the Conference held in Nairobi, Kenya. Mikkelsen, B. (1995). Methods for Development Work and Research: A Guide for Practitioners. New Delhi: Sage. Mikkelsen, B. (2005). Methods for Development Work and Research. New Delhi, India: Sage Publications Ltd. Morgan, W. T. W. (1971). The South Turkana Expedition Scientific Papers. Land Units of the Lokori Area. Geographical Journal, 137(1), 14-28. Morgan, W. T. W. (1973). Geographies for Advanced Study. London: Longman Group Limited Morgan, W. T. W. (1974). The South Turkana Expedition Scientific Papers X. Sorghum Gadens in South Turkana: Cultivation among a Nomadic Pastoral People. Geographical Journal, 140(1), 80-93. Moser, C. (1998). The Asset Vulnerability Framework: Reassessing Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies. World Development, 26(1), 1-19. Muller, H. K. (1989). Changing Generations: Dynamics of Generation and Age-Sets in South Eastern Sudan (Toposa) and Northwestern Kenya (Turkana). Spektrum Berliner Reihezu Gesellschaff, Wirtschaff and Politik in Entwicklungsladern. Saarbrucken, Fort Laudendale: Band 17 Verlag Breitenbach Puplishers. Muriuki, G. (1974). A History of the Kikuyu 1500-1900. London: Oxford University Press. Niamir-Fuller, M., and Turner, M. D. (1999). A Review of Recent Literature on Pastoralism and Transhumance in Africa. In M. Niamir-Fuller (Ed.), Managing Mobility in African Rangelands (pp. 11-13): Beijer International Institute of Ecological economics. 263
Nikola, R. (2006). Policies and Strategies to Address the Vulnerability of Pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved March 18 2008, from http://www.fao.org/ag/pplpi.html Nooteboom, G. (2003). A Matter of Style: Social Security and Livelihoods in Upland East Java. Amsterdam: Rozenberg. Norconsult, R. (1990). Environmental Study of Turkana District. Lodwar, Kenya. O'Leary, M. F. (1990). Drought and Change Amongst Northern Kenya Nomadic Pastoralists: The Palsson: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Oakley, P. (1991). Projects with People: The Practice of Participation in Rural Development: Geneva: International Labour Office. Oba, G. (1990). "Culture and Extension: Friend or Foe? The Case of Kenya's Arid and Semi Arid Lands (Asal)." Keynote Address to the First National Agroforestry Extension Training Workshop Aberdares Country Club, Nyeri, Kenya. Oba, G. (1992). Ecological Factors in Landuse Conflicts, Land Administration and Food Insecurity in Turkana. Pastoral Development Network Papers No. 33a. London: Overseas Development Institute. Oba, G. (2001). The Importance of Pastoralists' Indegenous Coping Strategies for Planning Drought Management in the Arid Zone of Kenya. Nomadic People, 5(89), 89-119. Ocan, C. M. (1992). Pastoral Crisis in Northeastern Uganda: The Changing Significance of Raids. Working Paper No. 2. Kampala: CBR Publishers. Ochieng-Aketch, S. (1993). Land Use and Land Tenure Systems in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (Asal) of Kenya. Report Prepared for the Asal Team of the World Bank's Resident Mission in East Africa. Nairobi, Kenya. Ochieng, W. (1985). A History of Kenya. Nairobi: Macmillan Publishers, Kenya. Omosa, E. (2003). Natural Resource Based Conflicts and Pastoral Livelihoods: The Impact of Water Resource Based Conflicts on Pastoralism, Wajir District. University of Nairobi, Institute of Development Studies. Ongany, M. (1981). Bibliography on Turkana. University of Nairobi: Institute of Development Studies. Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) (2002). Operation Lifeline Sudan Southern Sector Annual Report . Nairobi, Kenya. Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A. (2000). 'Assessing the Construct Validity of Risk Attitude'. Management Science, 46(10), 1337-1342. 264
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
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2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
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to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
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The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
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Sampling key informants: There was
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Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
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interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
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directly and gave me the reasons wh
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a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
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with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
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interviews and/or interviewees. The
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in reciprocal claims and social net
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to thorough analysis to eliminate a
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me for a period of two years to ass
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CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
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able to maintain a fairly steady su
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limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
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Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
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than group solidarity. 142 However,
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Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
Page 228 and 229: iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
Page 230 and 231: Another respondent narrated how he
Page 232 and 233: when to give, sell or slaughter an
Page 234 and 235: that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
Page 236 and 237: passively, but ventured out creativ
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
Page 240 and 241: According to Table 14, the two stud
Page 242 and 243: To appreciate the analysis in Table
Page 244 and 245: estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247: it was clear that respondents were
Page 248 and 249: ‘poor’ category though reduced
Page 250 and 251: Notes: • Households in each categ
Page 252 and 253: environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255: Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257: 7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259: strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261: the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263: The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265: that Turkana people are passive and
Page 266 and 267: nation is usually caught unaware of
Page 268 and 269: Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
Page 270 and 271: Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 272 and 273: Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275: Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277: Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 280 and 281: Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 282 and 283: Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285: Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287: Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 288 and 289: 3………………………….. 1
Page 290 and 291: Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
Page 292 and 293: Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
Page 294 and 295: Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297: Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301: 285
Page 302 and 303: 287
Page 304: 289
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