PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (1997). Pastoral Development in Eastern Africa: Policy Review, Options and Alternatives. Amsterdam/Hague: University of Amsterdam: Institute of Social studies. Dietz, T. (1987b). Pastoralism in Dire Straits. Survival Strategies and External Interventions in a Semi-Arid Region at Kenya Uganda Border: West Pokot, 1900- 1986. Nederlanse Geografische Studies 49. Dirks, R. (1980). Social Responses During Severe Food Shortages and Famine. Current Anthropology, 21(1), 21-43. Dyson-Hudson, N. (1966). Karamajong Politics: Oxford: Clarendon Press. Dyson-Hudson, N. (1972). The Study of Nomads. In I. William and Neville Dyson-Hudson (Eds.), Perspectives in Nomadism (pp. 2-29): Leiden: E.J. Briel. Dyson-Hudson, N. (1984). Adaptive Resource Use Strategies of African Pastoralists. In F. DiCastri, F. W. Baker and M. Hadley (Eds.), Ecology and Practice (pp. 1). Dublin: Tycooly. Dyson-Hudson, N., and McCabe, J. T. (1981). Preliminary Report to Norad on South Turkana Herd Movements and Water Supplies. Nairobi, Kenya. Dyson-Hudson, N., and McCabe, J. T. (1985). South Turkana Nomadism: Coping with an Unpredictably Varying Environment. Ethnography Series Fl 17-001: New Haven. Dyson-Hudson, R. (1982). Toward a General Theory of Pastoralism and Social Stratification. Nomadic people, 7, 1-8. EcoSystems Ltd (1985). Turkana District Resources Survey, 1982-1984: Main Report. Turkana Rehabilitation Project (Development Support Unit). Nairobi: Ministry of Energy and Rural Development. Ehret, C. (1971). Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past. Evanson: NorthWestern University Press. Ehret, C. (1974). Cushites and the Highland and Plain Nilotes to A.D. 1800. In A. Zimani (Ed.), A Survey of East African History. Nairobi: Longman, Kenya. Ekwee Ethuro, D. (1994, September 15). An Overview of Land Tenure and Land Law in Pastoral Areas Paper presented at the Third Annual Kenya Pastoralist Forum Meeting on Land Tenure and Land Law in Pastoral Areas of Kenya, Nairobi, . Ellis, F. (1998). Household Strategies and Rural Livelihood Diversification. Development Studies, 35(1), 1-38. Ellis, F. (2000). Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press. 257
Ellis, F. (2003). Human Vulnerability and Food Insecurity in Southern Africa. London: Overseas Development Group. Ellis, J. (1994). Climate Variability and Complex Ecosystem Dynamics: Implications for Pastoral Development. In I. Scoones (Ed.), Living with Uncertainity: New Directions in Pastoral Development (pp. 37-57). London: Intermediate Technology Publications. Ellis, J., Gavin, K., McCabe, J. T., and Swift, D. M. (1987). Pastoralism and Drought in Turkana District, Kenya: A Report to Norad. Belevue, Co: Development Systems Consultants Inc. Ellis, J. E. (1984). Aspects of Energyin Pastoral Ecosystems: Wood Use by the South Turkana. In C. Barnes, J. Ensminger and P. O'Keefe. (Eds.), Wood, Energy, and Households, Perspectives on Rural Kenya: Beijer Institute and Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Ellis, J. E., and Dick, O. (1986). The Vegetation of Turkana District: A Landsat Analysis. Nairobi, Kenya. Eriksen, S. (1996). Social Anthropology: Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. Erukudi, C. E. (1985). Akisitamunet. Catholic Diocese Communications. Kisumu: Kenya. Evans-Pritchard, E. (1940). The Nuer. A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fedders, A., and Salvadori, C. (1977). Turkana Pastoral Craftsmen. Nairobi: Transafrica. FEWSnet (2004/5). Famine Early Warning System. National Livelihood Profile. Retrieved August 13, 2007, from http//www.fews.net/livelihoods/files/td/national.pdf Flood, G. (1976). Nomadism and Its Future. The Afar. London: IAA. Fratkin, E. (1991). Surviving Drought and Development. Arial Pastoralists of Northern Kenya. Boulder: Westview Press. Fratklin, E. (2001). East African Pastoralism in Transition: Maasai, Boran, and Rendile Cases. African Studies Review, 44(3), 1-25. Freeman, H., Ellis, F., and Allison, E. (2004 ). Livelihoods and Rural Poverty Reduction in Kenya. Development Policy Review, 22(2), 147-171. Galaty, J., Aronson, D., Salzman, P., and Chouinard, A. (1981, August 5). The Future of Pastoral Peoples. Paper presented at the Nairobi, Kenya. International Development Research Centre. Glantz, M. H. (1987). Drought and Hunger in Africa; Denying Famine a Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 258
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
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2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
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to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
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The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
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Sampling key informants: There was
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Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
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interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
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directly and gave me the reasons wh
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a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
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with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
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interviews and/or interviewees. The
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in reciprocal claims and social net
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to thorough analysis to eliminate a
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me for a period of two years to ass
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CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
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able to maintain a fairly steady su
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limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
Page 222 and 223: Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
Page 224 and 225: than group solidarity. 142 However,
Page 226 and 227: Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
Page 228 and 229: iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
Page 230 and 231: Another respondent narrated how he
Page 232 and 233: when to give, sell or slaughter an
Page 234 and 235: that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
Page 236 and 237: passively, but ventured out creativ
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
Page 240 and 241: According to Table 14, the two stud
Page 242 and 243: To appreciate the analysis in Table
Page 244 and 245: estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247: it was clear that respondents were
Page 248 and 249: ‘poor’ category though reduced
Page 250 and 251: Notes: • Households in each categ
Page 252 and 253: environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255: Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257: 7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259: strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261: the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263: The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265: that Turkana people are passive and
Page 266 and 267: nation is usually caught unaware of
Page 268 and 269: Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
Page 270 and 271: Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 274 and 275: Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277: Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279: McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 280 and 281: Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 282 and 283: Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285: Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287: Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 288 and 289: 3………………………….. 1
Page 290 and 291: Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
Page 292 and 293: Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
Page 294 and 295: Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297: Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301: 285
Page 302 and 303: 287
Page 304: 289
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