PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose Reality Counts? Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Coe, M. (1972). The Southern Turkana Expedition Scientific Papers Ix. Ecological Studies of the Small Mammals of South Turkana. Geographical Journal, 138(3), 316-338. Collier, P. (1998). Social Capital and Poverty. Washington, DC: World Bank. Collins, R. O. (1961). The Turkana Patrol, 1918. Uganda Journal, 25, 17-33. Coppock, D. L. (1994). The Borana Plateau of Southern Ethiopia. Syn<strong>thesis</strong> of Pastoral Research, Development, and Change, 1980-1991. Systems Study (Vol. 5). Addis Ababa: ILCA. Corbett, J. (1988). Famine and Household Coping Strategies. World Development, 16(9), 1099-1112. Cornwall, A., and Scoones, I. (1993). "Exploiting Diversity and Difference in Food Systems under Stress". In J. Pottier (Ed.), African Food Systems under Stress. Issues, Perspectives and Methodologies (pp. 67-95). Brighton: Desktop Display. Crosbie, W. (2005). The Essential Reseach Skills. Suva, Fiji: Amokura Publications. Cross, C., and Mngadi, T. (1998). Poverty at Ground Zero: Social Capital and Economic Shocks in Rural Kwazulu-Natal. Washington, DC: IFPRI (International Food Policy Research). Dahl, G., and Hjort, A. (1976). Having Herds : Pastoral Herd Growth and Household Economy: Stockholm : Department. of Social Anthropology, <strong>University</strong> of Stockholm. Daily Nation (5th June 2006). Drought in Northern Kenya Gets Worse Daily Nation (15th May 2007). Violent Attacks among Pastoral Communities in Northern Kenya, Dames, T. (1964). Reconnaissance of the Agricultural Potential of the Turkana District. Rome: FAO Danny de Vries, P., Leslie, W., and McCabe, J. (2006). Livestock Acquisitions Dynamics in Nomadic Pastoralist Herd Demography: A Case Study among Ngisonyoka Herders of South Turkana, Kenya. Human Ecology, 34(1), 1-24. Dasgupta, P. (2000). Economic Progress and the Idea of Social Capital. Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Davern, M. (1997). Social Networks and Economic Sociology: A Proposed Research Agenda for a More Complete Social Science. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 56(3), 287-302. 255
Davies, S. (1993). Are Coping Strategies a Cop Out? IDS Bulletin, 24, 60-72. Davies, S. (1996). Adaptable Livelihoods. Coping with Food Insecurity in the Malian Sahel. New York: Macmillan Press limited. De Haan, L., and Zoomers, A. (2005). Exploring the Frontier of Livelihoods Research. Development and Change, 36(1), 27-49. De Waal, A. (1989). Famine That Kills. Darfur, Sudan, 1984-1985. Oxford: Claredon Press. De Waal, A. (1994). Dangerous Precedents? Famine Relief in Somalia 1991-1993. In J. Macrea and A. Zwi (Eds.), War and Hunger: Rethinking International Responses to Complex Emergencies (pp. 139-159). London:: Save the Children UK. De Waal, A. (1997). Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster of Relief Industry in Africa. Oxford and Bloomington: African Rights and James Currey. Deng, L. B. (2002). Confronting the War: A Comparative Study of Household Assets Management in Southern Sudan. IDS Discussion Paper 381, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Dershem, L., and Gzirishvili, D. (1998). Informal Social Support Networks and Household Vulnerability: Empirical Findings from Georgia. World Development, 26(10), 1827- 1838. Devereux, S. (1993). Theories of Famine. Harvester Wheatsheaf: Hemel Hempstead. Devereux, S. (2001). Livelihood Insecurity and Social Protection: A Re-Emerging Issue in Rural Development. Development Policy Issue, 19(4), 507-519. Devereux, S., and Naeraa, T. (1996). Drought and Survival in Rural Namibia. Journal of South African Studies, 22, 421-440. DFID (1994). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets Retrieved June 01 2006, from http//www.livelihoods.org/info/info_guidancesheets.html DFID (2001). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets: Retrieved May 12, 2006, from http:/www.livelihoods.org/info/info_guidancesheets.html DFID (2004). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. London: Department of international development. Dietz, A. J. (1987a). The State, the Market and the Decline of Pastoralism; Challenging Some Myths, with Evidence from West Pokot. In J. Markakis (Ed.), Conflict and Decline in Africa (pp. 19). Oxford: Macmillan Press. 256
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
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2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
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to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
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The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
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Sampling key informants: There was
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Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
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interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
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directly and gave me the reasons wh
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a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
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with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
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interviews and/or interviewees. The
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in reciprocal claims and social net
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to thorough analysis to eliminate a
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me for a period of two years to ass
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CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
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able to maintain a fairly steady su
Page 220 and 221: limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
Page 222 and 223: Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
Page 224 and 225: than group solidarity. 142 However,
Page 226 and 227: Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
Page 228 and 229: iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
Page 230 and 231: Another respondent narrated how he
Page 232 and 233: when to give, sell or slaughter an
Page 234 and 235: that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
Page 236 and 237: passively, but ventured out creativ
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
Page 240 and 241: According to Table 14, the two stud
Page 242 and 243: To appreciate the analysis in Table
Page 244 and 245: estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247: it was clear that respondents were
Page 248 and 249: ‘poor’ category though reduced
Page 250 and 251: Notes: • Households in each categ
Page 252 and 253: environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255: Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257: 7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259: strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261: the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263: The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265: that Turkana people are passive and
Page 266 and 267: nation is usually caught unaware of
Page 268 and 269: Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
Page 272 and 273: Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275: Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277: Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279: McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 280 and 281: Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 282 and 283: Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285: Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287: Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 288 and 289: 3………………………….. 1
Page 290 and 291: Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
Page 292 and 293: Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
Page 294 and 295: Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297: Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301: 285
Page 302 and 303: 287
Page 304: 289
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