PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T. (1971). The South Turkana Expedition Scientific Papers Vii. The 1969 Season Survey. Geographical Journal, 137(3), 349-360. Barber, J. (1968). Imperial Frontier: A Study of Relations between the British and the Pastoral Tribes of North East Uganda. Nairobi: East African Publishing House. Barret, A. (1988). English - Turkana Dictionary. Nairobi: Macmillan Publishers. Barrett, A. J. (1996). Turkana and Their Trees. Their Medical and Ecological Value. Nairobi: The Catholic University of Eastern Africa. Barrow, E. (1987). "Results and Findings from a Survey on 'Ekwar' Carried out from November. 1986 to July 1987". Lodwar: Turkana District Forestry Department. Barrow, E. (1988). Trees and Pastoralists: The Case of the Pokot and the Turkana Social Forestry Network ODI Network Paper: 6b. Barrow, E. (1990). Usufruct Rights to Trees: The Role of 'Ekwar' in Dryland Central Turkana Human ecology, 3. Barrow, E. (1996). The Drylands of Africa, Local Participation in Tree Management. Nairobi: Initiative Publishers. Barton, D., J. Morton, and C. Hendy (2001). Drought Contigency Planning for Pastoral Livelihoods, Natural Resource Institute (Vol. 15): University of Greenwich. Baumann, P., and Sinha, P. (2001). Linking Development and Democratic Processes in India: Political Capital and Sustainable Livelihood Analysis. Natural Resource Perspectives Retrieved October 23, 2006, from www.odi.org.uk/nrp/68.pdf Baxter, P., and Hogg, R. (1990). Property, Poverty and People: Changing Rights in Property and Problems of Pastoral Development. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Bebbington, A. (1999). Capitals and Capacities: A Framework for Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihood and Poverty. World Development, 27, 2021-2045. Bigsten, A. (1996). The Circular Migration of Smallholders in Kenya. Journal of African Economies, 5(1), 1-20. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., and Wisner, B. (1994). At Risk-Natural Hazards, Peoples Vulnerability and Disasters. London: Routledge. Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: J. Wiley. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliff, New York: Prentice Hall. Bonfiglioll, A., and Watson, E. (1992). Pastoralists at a Crossroads. Survival and Development Issues in African Pastoralism. Nairobi: NOPA. 253
Bonte, P. (1975). Pasteures Et Nomads: I Exemple De La Mauritanie, in Secheresse Et Famine Du La Sahel. In Casciarri, B. 2002. Local Trends and Perceptions of Processes of Commodisation in Central Sudan: The Responses of Ahamda Pastoral System to State Pressures and Capitalist Dynamics. Nomadic Peoples, 6(2), 32-50. Bovin, M., and Manger, L. (1990). Adaptive Strategies in African Drylands. In Casciarri, B. 2002. Local Trends and Perceptions of Processes of Commodisation in Central Sudan: The Responses of Ahamda Pastoral System to State Pressures and Capitalist Dynamics. Nomadic peoples, 6(2), 32-50. Brown, L. (1963). The Development of Semi-Arid Areas of Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Water Resources Bryman, A. (2004). Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bush, J. (1995). The Role of Food Aid in Drought: Oxfam's North Turkana (Kenya) Drought Relief Program, 1992-1994. Disasters, 19(3), 247-259. Cahn, M. (2002). Sustainable Livelihoods Approach: A Concept and a Practice Devnet Conference 2002- Contesting Development: Pathways to Better Practice, Massey University. Retrieved May 21, 2006, from http://www.devnet.org.nz/conf2002/papers/Cahn_Miranda.pdf Campbell, D. J. (1984). Response to Drought among Farmers and Herders in South Kajiado District, Kenya. Human Ecology, 12, 35-64. Carney, D. (1998). Sustainable Livelihoods: What Contributions Can We Make? London: Department of International Development. Catley, A. (2000). Notes on Pastoral Livelihoods in Africa. Rwa International/Vetwork Uk (2000). Pastoral Livelihoods Programme Appraisal Mission. Final Report for the Department for International Development (Dfid). London: UK. Caukwell, R. A. (1971). "The South Turkana Expedition Scientific Papers Vi. Field Survey in South Turkana". Geographical Journal, 137(2), 157-165. Cernea, M. (1985). Preface. In M. Cernea (Ed.), Putting People First. Sociological Variables on Rural Development (pp. xi-xvii). New York: Oxford University Press. Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development: Putting the Last First.: Harlow: Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex. Chambers, R. (1987). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Strategy for People, Environment and Development. IDS Commissioned Study 8. Chambers, R. (1989). Vulnerability, Coping and Policy. IDS Bulletin, 20(2), 1-7. 254
Page 1 and 2:
Turkana livelihood strategies and a
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgement This work was carri
Page 7 and 8:
Table of contents Abstract ........
Page 9 and 10:
4.7 demographic considerations ....
Page 11 and 12:
CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
Page 16 and 17:
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
Page 18 and 19:
settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
Page 20 and 21:
esults in increased deterioration o
Page 22 and 23:
prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
Page 24 and 25:
disease infection as they became vi
Page 26 and 27:
Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
Page 28 and 29:
temporary assistance to impoverishe
Page 30 and 31:
local patterns of adjustment to dro
Page 32 and 33:
stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
Page 34 and 35:
strategies 19 and achievement of su
Page 36 and 37:
Therefore, the main goal of this st
Page 38 and 39:
Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
Page 40 and 41:
neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
Page 42 and 43:
occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
Page 44 and 45:
are aimed to directly reduce pressu
Page 46 and 47:
1.6 Justification for the study. Th
Page 48 and 49:
placed on the contribution of socia
Page 50 and 51:
CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
Page 52 and 53:
2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
Page 54 and 55:
livelihood to cope with and recover
Page 56 and 57:
change and development. Here, it im
Page 58 and 59:
Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
Page 60 and 61:
draw when pursuing different liveli
Page 62 and 63:
2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
Page 64 and 65:
egging, and the pawning of women an
Page 66 and 67:
to stress, especially to rapid popu
Page 68 and 69:
climate, and socio-economic conditi
Page 70 and 71:
livelihood security and sustainabil
Page 72 and 73:
somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
Page 74 and 75:
and the degree of variations (or ho
Page 76 and 77:
The reasons for choosing Morulem as
Page 78 and 79:
Figure 5: Total households in each
Page 80 and 81:
Sampling key informants: There was
Page 82 and 83:
Library research was carried out at
Page 84 and 85:
Once I had found somewhere to live
Page 86 and 87:
interviews (nine days for Morulem a
Page 88 and 89:
constituted changes in response to
Page 90 and 91:
interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
Page 92 and 93:
directly and gave me the reasons wh
Page 94 and 95:
a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
Page 96 and 97:
with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
Page 98 and 99:
interviews and/or interviewees. The
Page 100 and 101:
in reciprocal claims and social net
Page 102 and 103:
to thorough analysis to eliminate a
Page 104 and 105:
me for a period of two years to ass
Page 106 and 107:
CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
Page 108 and 109:
4.2 Brief historical background of
Page 110 and 111:
group rapidly expanded and migrated
Page 112 and 113:
Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
Page 114 and 115:
The Turkana know their environment
Page 116 and 117:
July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
Page 118 and 119:
Figure 7 Population projections by
Page 120 and 121:
normally get access to graze their
Page 122 and 123:
and Suguta. According to Norconsult
Page 124 and 125:
forming a canopy forest with little
Page 126 and 127:
capital, and the material culture o
Page 128 and 129:
Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
Page 130 and 131:
secondary schools, as compared to b
Page 132 and 133:
the medical services and end up dea
Page 134 and 135:
stock, greatly depends on the avail
Page 136 and 137:
Traditionally, livestock ownership
Page 138 and 139:
The importance of livestock in the
Page 140 and 141:
informants, relatives, neighbours a
Page 142 and 143:
to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
Page 144 and 145:
For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
Page 146 and 147:
the same clan, and to avoid giving
Page 148 and 149:
Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
Page 150 and 151:
Informants argued that when a widow
Page 152 and 153:
has made visible efforts to develop
Page 154 and 155:
people overtime. It is argued here
Page 156 and 157:
stems from arguments raised by hist
Page 158 and 159:
the history of the Turkana, drought
Page 160 and 161:
also lead to conflict with other he
Page 162 and 163:
5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
Page 164 and 165:
an ideological justification for co
Page 166 and 167:
mobilisation of young men into well
Page 168 and 169:
the British administration in Turka
Page 170 and 171:
of northern West Kenya. The colonia
Page 172 and 173:
fishing (Turkana Development Annual
Page 174 and 175:
The project failed due to lack of s
Page 176 and 177:
Similar problems hampered other dev
Page 178 and 179:
influence of irregularly - and some
Page 180 and 181:
uild shelters, the satellite camps
Page 182 and 183:
neighbourhoods in an area of about
Page 184 and 185:
As discussed previously, the Turkan
Page 186 and 187:
Figure 17: Territorial sections in
Page 188 and 189:
Each age-set has distinct character
Page 190 and 191:
cutting of these species of trees f
Page 192 and 193:
considerable period of time. He wou
Page 194 and 195:
unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
Page 196 and 197:
CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
Page 198 and 199:
drought as compared to the 1979-198
Page 200 and 201:
also foot and mouth disease which a
Page 202 and 203:
informants explained that camels, u
Page 204 and 205:
On the defence of pastures during p
Page 206 and 207:
Crude computation of the data gives
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
Page 210 and 211:
ebellious warriors and their genera
Page 212 and 213:
partly help to explain why not many
Page 214 and 215:
interviews. It represented a consen
Page 216 and 217:
asking for assistance is not only a
Page 218 and 219: able to maintain a fairly steady su
Page 220 and 221: limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
Page 222 and 223: Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
Page 224 and 225: than group solidarity. 142 However,
Page 226 and 227: Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
Page 228 and 229: iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
Page 230 and 231: Another respondent narrated how he
Page 232 and 233: when to give, sell or slaughter an
Page 234 and 235: that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
Page 236 and 237: passively, but ventured out creativ
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
Page 240 and 241: According to Table 14, the two stud
Page 242 and 243: To appreciate the analysis in Table
Page 244 and 245: estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247: it was clear that respondents were
Page 248 and 249: ‘poor’ category though reduced
Page 250 and 251: Notes: • Households in each categ
Page 252 and 253: environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255: Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257: 7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259: strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261: the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263: The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265: that Turkana people are passive and
Page 266 and 267: nation is usually caught unaware of
Page 270 and 271: Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 272 and 273: Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275: Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277: Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279: McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 280 and 281: Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 282 and 283: Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285: Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287: Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 288 and 289: 3………………………….. 1
Page 290 and 291: Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
Page 292 and 293: Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
Page 294 and 295: Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297: Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301: 285
Page 302 and 303: 287
Page 304: 289
show all

PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?