PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T. (1971). The South Turkana Expedition Scientific Papers Vii. The 1969 Season Survey. Geographical Journal, 137(3), 349-360. Barber, J. (1968). Imperial Frontier: A Study of Relations between the British and the Pastoral Tribes of North East Uganda. Nairobi: East African Publishing House. Barret, A. (1988). English - Turkana Dictionary. Nairobi: Macmillan Publishers. Barrett, A. J. (1996). Turkana and Their Trees. Their Medical and Ecological Value. Nairobi: The Catholic University of Eastern Africa. Barrow, E. (1987). "Results and Findings from a Survey on 'Ekwar' Carried out from November. 1986 to July 1987". Lodwar: Turkana District Forestry Department. Barrow, E. (1988). Trees and Pastoralists: The Case of the Pokot and the Turkana Social Forestry Network ODI Network Paper: 6b. Barrow, E. (1990). Usufruct Rights to Trees: The Role of 'Ekwar' in Dryland Central Turkana Human ecology, 3. Barrow, E. (1996). The Drylands of Africa, Local Participation in Tree Management. Nairobi: Initiative Publishers. Barton, D., J. Morton, and C. Hendy (2001). Drought Contigency Planning for Pastoral Livelihoods, Natural Resource Institute (Vol. 15): University of Greenwich. Baumann, P., and Sinha, P. (2001). Linking Development and Democratic Processes in India: Political Capital and Sustainable Livelihood Analysis. Natural Resource Perspectives Retrieved October 23, 2006, from www.odi.org.uk/nrp/68.pdf Baxter, P., and Hogg, R. (1990). Property, Poverty and People: Changing Rights in Property and Problems of Pastoral Development. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Bebbington, A. (1999). Capitals and Capacities: A Framework for Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihood and Poverty. World Development, 27, 2021-2045. Bigsten, A. (1996). The Circular Migration of Smallholders in Kenya. Journal of African Economies, 5(1), 1-20. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., and Wisner, B. (1994). At Risk-Natural Hazards, Peoples Vulnerability and Disasters. London: Routledge. Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: J. Wiley. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliff, New York: Prentice Hall. Bonfiglioll, A., and Watson, E. (1992). Pastoralists at a Crossroads. Survival and Development Issues in African Pastoralism. Nairobi: NOPA. 253
Bonte, P. (1975). Pasteures Et Nomads: I Exemple De La Mauritanie, in Secheresse Et Famine Du La Sahel. In Casciarri, B. 2002. Local Trends and Perceptions of Processes of Commodisation in Central Sudan: The Responses of Ahamda Pastoral System to State Pressures and Capitalist Dynamics. Nomadic Peoples, 6(2), 32-50. Bovin, M., and Manger, L. (1990). Adaptive Strategies in African Drylands. In Casciarri, B. 2002. Local Trends and Perceptions of Processes of Commodisation in Central Sudan: The Responses of Ahamda Pastoral System to State Pressures and Capitalist Dynamics. Nomadic peoples, 6(2), 32-50. Brown, L. (1963). The Development of Semi-Arid Areas of Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Water Resources Bryman, A. (2004). Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bush, J. (1995). The Role of Food Aid in Drought: Oxfam's North Turkana (Kenya) Drought Relief Program, 1992-1994. Disasters, 19(3), 247-259. Cahn, M. (2002). Sustainable Livelihoods Approach: A Concept and a Practice Devnet Conference 2002- Contesting Development: Pathways to Better Practice, Massey University. Retrieved May 21, 2006, from http://www.devnet.org.nz/conf2002/papers/Cahn_Miranda.pdf Campbell, D. J. (1984). Response to Drought among Farmers and Herders in South Kajiado District, Kenya. Human Ecology, 12, 35-64. Carney, D. (1998). Sustainable Livelihoods: What Contributions Can We Make? London: Department of International Development. Catley, A. (2000). Notes on Pastoral Livelihoods in Africa. Rwa International/Vetwork Uk (2000). Pastoral Livelihoods Programme Appraisal Mission. Final Report for the Department for International Development (Dfid). London: UK. Caukwell, R. A. (1971). "The South Turkana Expedition Scientific Papers Vi. Field Survey in South Turkana". Geographical Journal, 137(2), 157-165. Cernea, M. (1985). Preface. In M. Cernea (Ed.), Putting People First. Sociological Variables on Rural Development (pp. xi-xvii). New York: Oxford University Press. Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development: Putting the Last First.: Harlow: Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex. Chambers, R. (1987). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Strategy for People, Environment and Development. IDS Commissioned Study 8. Chambers, R. (1989). Vulnerability, Coping and Policy. IDS Bulletin, 20(2), 1-7. 254
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
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2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
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to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
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The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
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Sampling key informants: There was
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Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
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interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
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directly and gave me the reasons wh
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a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
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with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
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interviews and/or interviewees. The
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in reciprocal claims and social net
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to thorough analysis to eliminate a
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me for a period of two years to ass
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CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
Page 218 and 219: able to maintain a fairly steady su
Page 220 and 221: limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
Page 222 and 223: Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
Page 224 and 225: than group solidarity. 142 However,
Page 226 and 227: Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
Page 228 and 229: iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
Page 230 and 231: Another respondent narrated how he
Page 232 and 233: when to give, sell or slaughter an
Page 234 and 235: that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
Page 236 and 237: passively, but ventured out creativ
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
Page 240 and 241: According to Table 14, the two stud
Page 242 and 243: To appreciate the analysis in Table
Page 244 and 245: estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247: it was clear that respondents were
Page 248 and 249: ‘poor’ category though reduced
Page 250 and 251: Notes: • Households in each categ
Page 252 and 253: environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255: Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257: 7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259: strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261: the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263: The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265: that Turkana people are passive and
Page 266 and 267: nation is usually caught unaware of
Page 270 and 271: Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 272 and 273: Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275: Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277: Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279: McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 280 and 281: Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 282 and 283: Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285: Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287: Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 288 and 289: 3………………………….. 1
Page 290 and 291: Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
Page 292 and 293: Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
Page 294 and 295: Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297: Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
Page 300 and 301: 285
Page 302 and 303: 287
Page 304: 289
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