PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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Notes: • Households in each category were expressed as a percentage of the total number of households interviewed in each research site. 7.3: Impact of 2005-2006 famine on Morulem and Lokichar residents. 7.3.1: Human deaths in the households of Morulem and Lokichar villages. Having shown the impact of the 2005-2006 drought on the households from the two study villages, our next step is to find out the impact of famine at the two localities. As discussed in Chapter 6, 163 this analysis is done by understanding the death rates in the two study villages. Table 17 shows the distribution of deaths per household for the two sites. Table 17 Human losses in the household at Morulem and Lokichar. Deaths per Lokichar village Morulem village household Households Households Total recording death recording death 0 28 15 43 1 4 5 9 2 2 10 12 3 1 5 6 4 0 6 6 5 0 4 4 Source: Fieldwork 2007. 235 number of households Computation of the distribution of the deaths in Table 17 indicates that there were a total of 95 deaths at both Morulem and Lokichar. 84 of them (88.4 percent) occurred at Morulem as compared to 11 (11.6 percent) for Lokichar. In addition, most of the households at Morulem who recorded 163 We refer to Devereux’ (1993) definition of famine as discussed in Chapter 1.
deaths lost between 1-5 members each as compared to 1-3 for the corresponding Lokichar households. Therefore, it could be pointed out here that the deaths at Lokichar village were comparatively few. Morulem village had 30 (approximately 67 percent) of households suffering death as compared to 7 (approximately 20 percent) of households for Lokichar village. And on average, Morulem lost 1.87 persons per household while the average for Lokichar was as low as 0.31 persons per family. Therefore, it could be summarised that Morulem village was struck much more severely by famine than Lokichar village. 7.4 Impediments to adaptability during 2005-2006 droughts. The findings discussed above were important for our analysis, for they show that while the impact of the 2005-2006 droughts had a greater effect in terms of ‘livestock losses’ at Morulem than Lokichar, famine was also more severe at Morulem than Lokichar. It now remains for us to discuss the causal variables. There was a probe question which all the respondents had been asked and whose answer was meant to show the factors that impinge on adaptability in Turkana. Each and every respondent interviewed was asked to explain why he or she thinks they suffered more severely than his or her neighbour. The respondents provided the answer in an attempt to explain the differences: Firstly, in an attempt to answer this question, respondents were asked to voluntarily list their sources of food prior to and during the 2005-2006 drought and famine. The information was collated in terms of the two study villages, as shown in Table 18. Differences between the Ngibelai and Ngisonyoka were indeed remarkable. 164 While both the Ngibelai and Ngisonyoka relied on social networks and relief food, the impact of the 164 As has been discussed in the previous chapters, Lokichar residents are from the Ngisonyoka territorial section, while Morulem residents are from Ngibelai territorial section. 236
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
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2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
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to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
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The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
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Sampling key informants: There was
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Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
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interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
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directly and gave me the reasons wh
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a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
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with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
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interviews and/or interviewees. The
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in reciprocal claims and social net
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to thorough analysis to eliminate a
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me for a period of two years to ass
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CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
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4.2 Brief historical background of
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group rapidly expanded and migrated
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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
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The Turkana know their environment
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July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
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Figure 7 Population projections by
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normally get access to graze their
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and Suguta. According to Norconsult
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forming a canopy forest with little
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capital, and the material culture o
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Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
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secondary schools, as compared to b
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the medical services and end up dea
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stock, greatly depends on the avail
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Traditionally, livestock ownership
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The importance of livestock in the
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informants, relatives, neighbours a
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to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
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For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
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the same clan, and to avoid giving
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Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
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Informants argued that when a widow
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has made visible efforts to develop
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people overtime. It is argued here
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stems from arguments raised by hist
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the history of the Turkana, drought
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also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
Page 200 and 201: also foot and mouth disease which a
Page 202 and 203: informants explained that camels, u
Page 204 and 205: On the defence of pastures during p
Page 206 and 207: Crude computation of the data gives
Page 208 and 209: Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
Page 210 and 211: ebellious warriors and their genera
Page 212 and 213: partly help to explain why not many
Page 214 and 215: interviews. It represented a consen
Page 216 and 217: asking for assistance is not only a
Page 218 and 219: able to maintain a fairly steady su
Page 220 and 221: limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
Page 222 and 223: Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
Page 224 and 225: than group solidarity. 142 However,
Page 226 and 227: Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
Page 228 and 229: iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
Page 230 and 231: Another respondent narrated how he
Page 232 and 233: when to give, sell or slaughter an
Page 234 and 235: that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
Page 236 and 237: passively, but ventured out creativ
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
Page 240 and 241: According to Table 14, the two stud
Page 242 and 243: To appreciate the analysis in Table
Page 244 and 245: estimating global income poverty fi
Page 246 and 247: it was clear that respondents were
Page 248 and 249: ‘poor’ category though reduced
Page 252 and 253: environment became quite marked. Ap
Page 254 and 255: Notes: I) The food sources were arr
Page 256 and 257: 7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
Page 258 and 259: strategies in one approach. How pas
Page 260 and 261: the puzzling problem with numbers.
Page 262 and 263: The sustainable livelihood model ha
Page 264 and 265: that Turkana people are passive and
Page 266 and 267: nation is usually caught unaware of
Page 268 and 269: Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
Page 270 and 271: Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
Page 272 and 273: Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
Page 274 and 275: Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
Page 276 and 277: Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
Page 278 and 279: McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
Page 280 and 281: Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
Page 282 and 283: Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
Page 284 and 285: Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
Page 286 and 287: Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
Page 288 and 289: 3………………………….. 1
Page 290 and 291: Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
Page 292 and 293: Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
Page 294 and 295: Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
Page 296 and 297: Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
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287
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