PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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informants, relatives, neighbours and friends (stock associates) will help and contribute an animal. Animals provided by others are not purely gifts, and those who give expect to get back at a later stage. The reciprocal claim can go from one generation to the next. Informants re-affirmed that the Turkana people traditionally regard the reciprocal system as part of risk management as it enables the community to establish social bonds of mutuality between affiliated parties. For instance, a Turkana man pays livestock to get a wife, the wife gives him daughters who will be married for bridewealth, and this bridewealth can be invested in new wives and social networks through reciprocity. It follows that a family that has lost livestock, but has daughters of marriageable age, can quickly recover from losses as the girls get married, but also, sons will grow up and get married, which will lead to payment of bridewealth and reduction in the number of cattle. This scenario is best explained by Figure 11, which shows the financial investment of capital and savings from a male perspective. Boys are seen to reduce the number of cattle through payment of bridewealth, and daughters are seen to add to it. In this process, a 16 year old girl informally lamented that: Girls do not have much say in this process. If she refuses to marry a certain man accepted by the father, her father may even kill her (Informal interview, Morulem village 20 th March 2007). Informants also claimed that by dividing herds into several units, some as reciprocal claims and some taken care of by relatives, reduces the chance of losing everything if a disease erupts, or if a particular cattle camp gets raided. It is also a strategy for not letting the community know how many animals a person has. There is a general fear that knowing the exact number of livestock an individual has may spell disaster or bridewealth and claims will be adjusted accordingly. This is also the reason why it is impossible to get an accurate answer when asking Turkana men how many animals they own. They would either not tell, or they would 125
underestimate the number, and informants pointed out that this question was like asking a western (white) man how much money he has in his bank account. 85 Figure 11: Investment of capital from a male perspective + Paying Bride-wealth Source: Fieldwork (2007) Sons Daughters One key informant, a 65 year old man from Morulem village, summarised the general idea as to why Turkana do not want other people to know how many animals they own. He stated as follows: + Wives I do not keep all my animals in the same herd. They are scattered because of security. Others should not know the number of your animals. If you keep all in the same herd, people can be jealous of you and even God can be jealous and infect the animals with diseases. Some animals you can lend to other people or relatives. These animals will be given back when you need help or have 85 As mentioned in the methodlogy section, it was due to this reason that we were to follow the informants to the grazing fields and physically count their herds. My research assistants knew the informants well, and where their herds used to graze. 126 - + + Cattle + + + Social network + Receiving Bride-wealth
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
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2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
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egging, and the pawning of women an
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to stress, especially to rapid popu
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climate, and socio-economic conditi
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livelihood security and sustainabil
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somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
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and the degree of variations (or ho
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The reasons for choosing Morulem as
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Figure 5: Total households in each
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Sampling key informants: There was
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Library research was carried out at
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Once I had found somewhere to live
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interviews (nine days for Morulem a
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constituted changes in response to
Page 90 and 91: interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
Page 92 and 93: directly and gave me the reasons wh
Page 94 and 95: a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
Page 96 and 97: with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
Page 98 and 99: interviews and/or interviewees. The
Page 100 and 101: in reciprocal claims and social net
Page 102 and 103: to thorough analysis to eliminate a
Page 104 and 105: me for a period of two years to ass
Page 106 and 107: CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
Page 108 and 109: 4.2 Brief historical background of
Page 110 and 111: group rapidly expanded and migrated
Page 112 and 113: Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the
Page 114 and 115: The Turkana know their environment
Page 116 and 117: July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
Page 118 and 119: Figure 7 Population projections by
Page 120 and 121: normally get access to graze their
Page 122 and 123: and Suguta. According to Norconsult
Page 124 and 125: forming a canopy forest with little
Page 126 and 127: capital, and the material culture o
Page 128 and 129: Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
Page 130 and 131: secondary schools, as compared to b
Page 132 and 133: the medical services and end up dea
Page 134 and 135: stock, greatly depends on the avail
Page 136 and 137: Traditionally, livestock ownership
Page 138 and 139: The importance of livestock in the
Page 142 and 143: to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
Page 144 and 145: For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
Page 146 and 147: the same clan, and to avoid giving
Page 148 and 149: Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
Page 150 and 151: Informants argued that when a widow
Page 152 and 153: has made visible efforts to develop
Page 154 and 155: people overtime. It is argued here
Page 156 and 157: stems from arguments raised by hist
Page 158 and 159: the history of the Turkana, drought
Page 160 and 161: also lead to conflict with other he
Page 162 and 163: 5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
Page 164 and 165: an ideological justification for co
Page 166 and 167: mobilisation of young men into well
Page 168 and 169: the British administration in Turka
Page 170 and 171: of northern West Kenya. The colonia
Page 172 and 173: fishing (Turkana Development Annual
Page 174 and 175: The project failed due to lack of s
Page 176 and 177: Similar problems hampered other dev
Page 178 and 179: influence of irregularly - and some
Page 180 and 181: uild shelters, the satellite camps
Page 182 and 183: neighbourhoods in an area of about
Page 184 and 185: As discussed previously, the Turkan
Page 186 and 187: Figure 17: Territorial sections in
Page 188 and 189: Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
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able to maintain a fairly steady su
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limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
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Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
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than group solidarity. 142 However,
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Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
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iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
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Another respondent narrated how he
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when to give, sell or slaughter an
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that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
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passively, but ventured out creativ
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CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
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According to Table 14, the two stud
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To appreciate the analysis in Table
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estimating global income poverty fi
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it was clear that respondents were
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‘poor’ category though reduced
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Notes: • Households in each categ
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environment became quite marked. Ap
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Notes: I) The food sources were arr
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7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
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strategies in one approach. How pas
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the puzzling problem with numbers.
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The sustainable livelihood model ha
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that Turkana people are passive and
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nation is usually caught unaware of
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Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
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Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
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Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
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Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
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Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
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McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
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Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
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Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
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Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
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Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
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3………………………….. 1
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Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
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Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
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Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
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Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
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Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
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285
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287
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