PhD thesis Title Page Final _Richard Juma - Victoria University ...

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Pokot. East of the Pokot and in the areas beyond the southeastern tip of Lake Turkana, are the Maa speaking Sampur (currently called Samburu) who live in close pastoral association with the Cushitic speaking, camel- rearing Rendile (Lamphear 1992). Currently, Turkana District is divided into 17 administrative divisions, 71 58 locations, 158 sub-locations and 3 constituencies (Republic of Kenya 2002). During my field study period, the constituencies 72 were Turkana North, which covers seven divisions (Lokitaung, Kaaling, Kibish, Kakuma, Lapur, Oropoi, and Lokichogio), Turkana Central which covers five divisions (Central, Kerio, Kalokol, Turkwel, and Loima), and Turkana South which covers five divisions (Lokichar, Lomelo, Lokorio, Katilu, and Kainuk). The district is geographically isolated from the rest of Kenya by rough terrain. From the escarpment of the Rift Valley, Turkana appears a vast stretch of dry plain. The plains which form the main topography of the Turkana District are below 600 metres, making the area the lowest anywhere in the East African hinterland (Lamphear 1992). Informants noted that the plain is very important to the Turkana people, as they regard themselves as people of the plains who make use of the mountains unwillingly, and only by necessity. When a Turkana person is asked where he lives, he usually gives the name of the plain where he lived during the wet season. Therefore, Turkana people call the plains ‘homeland’ (akwap). In the centre of Turkana are the plains, and around it to the south are isolated barren landscapes of extinct volcanic mountain ranges. In the north and northeastern part of the district, these ranges include: Lokwanamoru Range, Lorioneteom Range, Pelekech Hills, Mogilla Range, Loima and Songot, Moroto, Lotikipi and Puch Prasir Plateau. In the south: 71 A division is the third largest administrative unit in Kenya. 72 Each Kenyan Member of Parliament represents an administrative area normally referred to as a constituency. 97
Kamorok, Kailongkol, and Laiteruk mountain ranges can also be found. McCabe and Ellis (1987) measured the average elevation of the plains at 600 to 650 meters, and the altitude of the mountain ranges from 1500 to 1800 meters above sea level (Republic of Kenya 2002). The ranges are particularly important as key elements within the annual cycle of the Turkana pastoralists, especially as a dry season grazing area. Figure 6: Map of Turkana showing the physical features, and the neighbouring peoples. Source: Lamphear (1992:8). 98
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Turkana livelihood strategies and a
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Abstract Drought and famine in Sub-
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Acknowledgement This work was carri
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Table of contents Abstract ........
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4.7 demographic considerations ....
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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OF
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Figure 22 Percentage loss in livest
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historic
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settlers and indigenous farmers. Si
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esults in increased deterioration o
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prolonged droughts as herders 3 los
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disease infection as they became vi
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Figure 1: Map of Turkana the study
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temporary assistance to impoverishe
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local patterns of adjustment to dro
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stress (Soja 1968). The ability to
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strategies 19 and achievement of su
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Therefore, the main goal of this st
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Devereux and Naeraa (1996); Hussein
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neighbours, such as the Samburu, an
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occupation of the poor (Robinson 19
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are aimed to directly reduce pressu
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1.6 Justification for the study. Th
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placed on the contribution of socia
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1
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2.2 Emergence of the sustainable li
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livelihood to cope with and recover
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change and development. Here, it im
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Figure 3: A framework for micro-pol
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draw when pursuing different liveli
Page 62 and 63: 2.3 Symbolic interaction theory and
Page 64 and 65: egging, and the pawning of women an
Page 66 and 67: to stress, especially to rapid popu
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Page 70 and 71: livelihood security and sustainabil
Page 72 and 73: somewhat overlooked by the liveliho
Page 74 and 75: and the degree of variations (or ho
Page 76 and 77: The reasons for choosing Morulem as
Page 78 and 79: Figure 5: Total households in each
Page 80 and 81: Sampling key informants: There was
Page 82 and 83: Library research was carried out at
Page 84 and 85: Once I had found somewhere to live
Page 86 and 87: interviews (nine days for Morulem a
Page 88 and 89: constituted changes in response to
Page 90 and 91: interviewing the Turkana pastoralis
Page 92 and 93: directly and gave me the reasons wh
Page 94 and 95: a vehicle could bring to a rural pa
Page 96 and 97: with my 3 rd wife. Obviously, it wa
Page 98 and 99: interviews and/or interviewees. The
Page 100 and 101: in reciprocal claims and social net
Page 102 and 103: to thorough analysis to eliminate a
Page 104 and 105: me for a period of two years to ass
Page 106 and 107: CHAPTER 4 THE TURKANA REGION: HISTO
Page 108 and 109: 4.2 Brief historical background of
Page 110 and 111: group rapidly expanded and migrated
Page 114 and 115: The Turkana know their environment
Page 116 and 117: July. Precipitation is somewhat cor
Page 118 and 119: Figure 7 Population projections by
Page 120 and 121: normally get access to graze their
Page 122 and 123: and Suguta. According to Norconsult
Page 124 and 125: forming a canopy forest with little
Page 126 and 127: capital, and the material culture o
Page 128 and 129: Kenya and Sudan. There are shortfal
Page 130 and 131: secondary schools, as compared to b
Page 132 and 133: the medical services and end up dea
Page 134 and 135: stock, greatly depends on the avail
Page 136 and 137: Traditionally, livestock ownership
Page 138 and 139: The importance of livestock in the
Page 140 and 141: informants, relatives, neighbours a
Page 142 and 143: to pay bridewealth (Key Informant I
Page 144 and 145: For instance, Apthorpe (1986) estab
Page 146 and 147: the same clan, and to avoid giving
Page 148 and 149: Figure 13: Married Turkana women. 9
Page 150 and 151: Informants argued that when a widow
Page 152 and 153: has made visible efforts to develop
Page 154 and 155: people overtime. It is argued here
Page 156 and 157: stems from arguments raised by hist
Page 158 and 159: the history of the Turkana, drought
Page 160 and 161: also lead to conflict with other he
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5.2.2 History of Negative Policy En
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an ideological justification for co
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mobilisation of young men into well
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the British administration in Turka
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of northern West Kenya. The colonia
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fishing (Turkana Development Annual
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The project failed due to lack of s
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Similar problems hampered other dev
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influence of irregularly - and some
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uild shelters, the satellite camps
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neighbourhoods in an area of about
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As discussed previously, the Turkan
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Figure 17: Territorial sections in
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Each age-set has distinct character
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cutting of these species of trees f
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considerable period of time. He wou
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unsustainable costs. The Turkana lo
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CHAPTER 6 THE 2005-2006 DROUGHT IMP
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drought as compared to the 1979-198
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also foot and mouth disease which a
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informants explained that camels, u
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On the defence of pastures during p
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Crude computation of the data gives
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Figure 19: Interpretation of the ca
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ebellious warriors and their genera
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partly help to explain why not many
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interviews. It represented a consen
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asking for assistance is not only a
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able to maintain a fairly steady su
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limits. In 2006, the 10 public prim
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Number of students enrolled 90 80 7
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than group solidarity. 142 However,
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Table 11: Gifts exchanged by Turkan
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iii) Gift exchanges in Turkana duri
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Another respondent narrated how he
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when to give, sell or slaughter an
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that emerged during the 2005-2006 d
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passively, but ventured out creativ
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CHAPTER 7 FACTORS THAT IMPINGE ON A
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According to Table 14, the two stud
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To appreciate the analysis in Table
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estimating global income poverty fi
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it was clear that respondents were
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‘poor’ category though reduced
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Notes: • Households in each categ
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environment became quite marked. Ap
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Notes: I) The food sources were arr
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7.5 Chapter summary The major focus
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strategies in one approach. How pas
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the puzzling problem with numbers.
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The sustainable livelihood model ha
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that Turkana people are passive and
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nation is usually caught unaware of
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Baker, M. J., and Lovenbury, H. T.
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Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and Li
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Dietz, A. J., and Salih, M. A. M. (
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Goldschmidt, W. (1969). Kambuya's C
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Kabeer, N. (2000b). Resources, Agen
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McCabe, J. T. (1990). Success and F
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Pennings, J. M. E., and Smidts, A.
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Soja, E. (1968). The Geography of M
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Von Hohnel, L. (1894). Discovery of
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Appendices Appendix 1: Household Pr
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3………………………….. 1
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Appendix 3: Key Informants Schedule
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Appendix 5: Gender and the Division
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Appendix 7: Introductory Letter fro
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Appendix 9: Pre and Post the 2005-2
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Appendix 10: Pre and Post the 2005-
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