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Index:<br />
Juan Pablo Vega daily routine<br />
Increase your grades<br />
Sports (swimming and roller derby)<br />
Sleep tight (the best and worst<br />
positions to sleep)<br />
Eat healthy.<br />
Do you know what criminology is?<br />
Greek mythology.<br />
Horoscope.<br />
Find out your personality type
Hi! <strong>Umbrella</strong> readers.<br />
My name is Juan Pablo Vega, I ’m a Colombian<br />
musician.<br />
Today I’m going to tell you my daily routine, I hope<br />
you enjoy it.<br />
And listen my new album nada personal.<br />
Hugs.<br />
My daily routine starts at 6:00 and finishes at 11:00 pm.<br />
I wake up at 6.00 am; I get up ten minutes later because I think what I have to do in those<br />
minutes.<br />
I wear sports clothes and I go running for an hour.<br />
When I come back to my house, I take a shower, and I shave.<br />
After that I dress up for my interview at 9:00am, but before I eat breakfast.<br />
Later I brush my teeth.<br />
In the way, I read the newspaper, when I end the interview; I go to my next event: a signature<br />
session at 11:30.<br />
Back to the car, I write a new song and I eat a snack at 11:15 am.<br />
At noon, I go to the recording studio to prepare my new album.<br />
I take my lunch at 2:00 pm with my manager and my friends, after that I call my parents and I<br />
update my social networking.<br />
Later I have to do my bags to travel to Chile and complete my tour around South America.<br />
My flight goes out at 9.00 pm and finally I rest in the airplane until I arrive to my destiny.
Ten Study Methods<br />
That Work<br />
Studying effectively is not a matter of<br />
chance. Educators and psychologists have<br />
researched study methods for years.<br />
Some of the best studies come from the<br />
top universities: Stanford, Indiana, and<br />
Chicago where precise experiments with<br />
student groups have shed light on the<br />
most effective study methods. Students<br />
who follow these methods learn more<br />
easily, retain material for longer periods of<br />
time, and save themselves hours of study<br />
time. The ten study methods researchers<br />
have found that work are:<br />
1. Making and Keeping a Study Schedule<br />
Set aside certain hours of each day for study just as you do for nourishment and sleep. Keep<br />
the same schedule faithfully from day-to-day. The amount of time needed for study will vary<br />
for each individual based on skills with the subject matter. An average of two hours of study<br />
each day for each hour in class is recommended. Going to class is only the beginning; the real<br />
work begins afterwards!<br />
2. Studying in an Appropriate Setting — Same Time, Same Place, Every Day<br />
If concentration is your problem, then the right surroundings will help you greatly. Your study<br />
desk or table should be in a quiet place – free from as many distractions as possible. You will<br />
concentrate better when you study in the same place every day. It’s a mind set. For example,<br />
when you sit down at the kitchen table, you expect to eat. When you sit down in an easy chair,<br />
you watch TV, etc. Developing the habit of studying in the same place at the same time<br />
everyday will improve your concentration.<br />
3. Equipping Your Study Area With All the Materials You Need
Your study desk or table should be equipped with all the materials you might need to complete<br />
the assignment, e.g., pencils, pens, erasers, paper clips, stapler, dictionary, snacks, and liquid<br />
refreshments, etc. For some assignments, you may require a calculator or other supplies. With<br />
your materials at hand, you can study without interruption. If you have an answering machine,<br />
let it do its job during your study time. You can return the calls after you have finished<br />
studying. Taking your snack food and drinks to the study location will eliminate those endless<br />
trips to the kitchen which break your concentration.<br />
4. Not Relying on Inspiration for Motivation<br />
Can you imagine an athlete-in-training waiting for inspiration to strike to practice in<br />
preparation for an event? Of course not. They train daily to stay competitive whether they<br />
want to or not. Like the athlete, you must get in training for tests and examinations by doing<br />
the assignments and preparing daily through review to be ready for the action.<br />
5. Keeping a Well-Kept Notebook Improves Grades<br />
Researchers tell us that there is definitely a relationship between orderliness and high grades.<br />
Knowing where to find your materials when you need them is crucial. Keep a special section<br />
for each subject in your notebook as well as a semester calendar so that you can write down<br />
all important assignments as they are announced. Having all of this information together in<br />
one place is vital to your success. A well-kept notebook is a part of good time management. If<br />
you’ve ever misplaced an important assignment, you know how much valuable time can be<br />
lost looking for it.<br />
6. Keeping a Careful Record of Assignments<br />
Put it down in black and white—including the details—and keep it in your notebook. Knowing<br />
just what you are expected to do and when you are expected to do it is the first giant step<br />
toward completing important assignments successfully and on time.<br />
7. Making Use of “Trade Secrets”<br />
Flash cards aren’t just for kids! They are a legitimate study tool. Use the front of the card to<br />
write an important term, and on the back, write a definition or an important fact about that<br />
term. Carry your flash cards with you. Use them during “dead time,” such as standing in a<br />
check-out line, waiting in a doctor or dentist’s office, riding a bus, or waiting at the<br />
Laundromat. Keep a set in the glove compartment of your car for long lines at your favorite<br />
fast food drive-in restaurant or bank. Post them on your bathroom mirror to review while<br />
shaving or applying make-up. You’ll be surprised how much you can accomplish during those<br />
otherwise “dead times.” Think about developing your own “trade secrets” that will improve<br />
your study skills.<br />
8. Taking Good Notes as Insurance Against Forgetting<br />
Learn to take good notes efficiently as your instructors stress important points in class and as<br />
you study your assignments. Good notes are a “must” for just-before-test-reviewing. Without<br />
notes, you will need to reread and review the entire assignment before a test. This may
equire you to read anywhere from 100-300 pages of material in one sitting. With notes, you<br />
can recall the main points in just a fraction of the time. The time you spend in note taking is<br />
not lost, but in fact, is a time-saver.<br />
9. Overlearning Material Enhances Memory<br />
Psychologists tell us that the secret to learning for future reference is overlearning. Experts<br />
suggest that after you can say, “I know this material,” that you should continue to study that<br />
material for an additional one-fourth of the original study time. The alphabet is an example of<br />
overlearning. How did you learn it? Probably through recitation which is the best way to etch<br />
material into the memory trace. Manipulate the material as many different ways as possible by<br />
writing, reading, touching, hearing, and saying it. In an experimental study, students who<br />
overlearned material retained four times as much after a month than students who didn’t<br />
overlearn.<br />
10. Reviewing Material Frequently<br />
A student who does not review material can forget 80% of what has been learned in only two<br />
weeks! The first review should come very shortly after the material was first presented and<br />
studied. Reviewing early acts as a safeguard against forgetting and helps you remember far<br />
longer. Frequent reviews throughout the course will bring rewards at test time and will<br />
alleviate pre-test anxiety.<br />
Although these ten study methods do work, there is one other component needed when using<br />
all of them – taking responsibility for studying by following through on assignments. All the<br />
study methods in the world won’t help you if you don’t help yourself. As with most everything<br />
in your life, your motto should be, “I’m responsible for my success!”<br />
If you put forth the effort to study effectively, the improved skills will soon become a habit and<br />
be just as natural as breathing. The result can be better grades, greater knowledge, and higher<br />
self-esteem. These skills will also serve you well in your professional and personal life.
STYLE OF SWIMMING<br />
FREESTYLE<br />
If refers to the swimmer can to perform the style<br />
that is more indicated. In freestyle, the rules are:<br />
that in the moment of initiate of test. The swimmer<br />
from the lit of exit later of the exit and of every<br />
return. Could to remain plunged up to fifteen<br />
meters. During the swim it can not to be stimulated<br />
to walk for the found of the pool, up to finish the<br />
test.<br />
CRAWL STYLE<br />
It characterizes for being the more speed of all the<br />
styles that is used in the swimming, the position of<br />
crawl is achieved with the body stretched and the<br />
head looking is to the front for below the water.<br />
When is necessary to breathe is accompanying the<br />
head with the draft lateral of body when the arm of<br />
side in that is breaths east to the height of the legs<br />
and prepared to make the recovery air while turns<br />
in the other arm stretched forward to make the<br />
recovery subaquatic and the head returns to a to<br />
position inside the water.<br />
BUTTERFLY STYLE<br />
They need that the actions of swimmer have<br />
symmetry bilateral and you prop that the legs<br />
coordination in a batter of top-down with the arms<br />
beginning the movement of the legs with a ripple<br />
that was moving from the hip up to the feet. This<br />
style is one that consumes more energy.
BREAST STROKE<br />
Of where is evolution the butterfly style it has the<br />
restriction additional that the hands of swimmer<br />
have be pushed towards the front join front the<br />
chest and that the elbows must remain below of<br />
water in an angle of ninety degrees (90º). Is the<br />
style more slow.<br />
BACK STROKE<br />
Don`t have restrictions of symmetry but the<br />
swimmer to remain of back during everything the<br />
event, an arm-stroke is constant and kick waved or<br />
varied.
It’s a contact sport which is originated in the US<br />
.The first time it was played was in 1935 in<br />
Chicago.<br />
It’s a sport form based on roller skating around an<br />
oval track. In the last decades of the twentieth<br />
century, the roller derby was a particularly<br />
professional sport for women and men.<br />
Mostly played by women.<br />
This sport takes effort, good team work and<br />
great intelligence to carry out the strategies of<br />
the game.<br />
There are two types of roller derby: In the first,<br />
it’s forbidden intentionally hit, elbowing, give<br />
butting, push in the back or cause tripping to<br />
another player .In the other one called Renegate<br />
, is played without rules , so it’s more aggressive.<br />
The skids required to play are the four-wheel skates. As protection mandatory equipment includes: knee pads,<br />
elbow pads, wrist guards, helmet, and mouth guard.
There are five members on each team: 1 Jam<br />
(The pointer scorer), 3 blockers (playing<br />
defense), and 1 pivot (plays defense but, is in<br />
the pack calling the shots).<br />
In order t tell the skaters apart, the jammer<br />
wears a striped helmet covert with a star, the<br />
pivot wears a striped helmet cover and the<br />
blockers don’t have anything in their<br />
helmets.<br />
The object of the game is to score more points by lapping opposing team members on the track .A roller<br />
derby game is called bout, each one consist of multiple jams .A jam is a two minutes period in which teams<br />
attempt to score points.<br />
The pivots and blockers of both teams make up a pack (their job is to stop the opposing team’s jammer from<br />
breaking through the pack and scoring, all meanwhile they help their own jammer to advance.<br />
To start the game the all the pivots and blockers skate together on the track to form a single pack .Once the<br />
last member of the pack skates 30 feet from the starting line ,a whistle is blown and the jammer begin to<br />
skate .<br />
The jammer must skate and muscle their way back through the pack and completely exit to gain the ability of<br />
scoring points. Once the jammer fights her way out of the pack, then it races around a track in order to lap<br />
the pack .At this point, each time the jammer passes a member of the other team, she scores points for her<br />
team. The first jammer that legally passes though the pack ,first wins the status of lead jammer.<br />
And for finish , one advantage of practicing this , is that skating is considered one of the most complete<br />
sports , it gives you strength ,flexibility ,endurance and agility .
For something so simple (even babies do it), sleep isn’t such an easy thing. Both too little and<br />
too much time dozing has been linked to a host of health problems, from obesity and heart<br />
disease to dementia and diabetes. And sleep position can play a role in snoring, heartburn, and<br />
even wrinkles! Read on to see if you should switch it up in bed (remember, we’re talking sleep<br />
here).<br />
Back Sleepers<br />
Pros: Many doctors agree that back is best. Snoozing in savasana pose is a boon for spine and<br />
neck health, because the back is straight and not forced into any contortions. Plus back<br />
sleeping helps the mattress do its job of supporting the spine. In a perfect (and kind of<br />
uncomfy) world, everyone would sleep on their backs without a pillow, as this position leaves<br />
the neck in a neutral position. Using too many pillows, however, can make breathing more<br />
difficult.<br />
Back sleeping is also a winner for the more cosmetically inclined. Spending all night with the<br />
face out in the air—and not smooshed up against a pillow—leads to fewer facial wrinkles.<br />
Cons: Instances of snoring and sleep apnea are much more frequent when a person is sleeping<br />
in the supine position. In fact, back sleeping is so closely linked to sleep apnea that doctors<br />
prescribe side sleeping as a treatment for the condition. When we sleep on our backs, gravity
forces the base of the tongue to collapse into the airway, which obstructs breathing and<br />
creates oh-so-pleasant snoring noises that keeps the neighbors up at night.<br />
It’s also worth noting that a supported spine doesn’t always necessarily mean a good night’s<br />
sleep. A study comparing the sleep habits of good sleepers and poor sleepers noted the people<br />
with worse-quality sleep spent more time on their backs than the good sleepers.<br />
Side Sleepers<br />
Pros: Side sleepers, unite! Whether they’re curling up in the cozy fetal position or lying straight<br />
on one side, the vast majority of people report sleeping on their sides (although since<br />
everyone is unconscious during sleep, this information can never be entirely accurate).<br />
Doctors encourage sleeping on the left side during pregnancy because it improves circulation<br />
to the heart, which benefits both mom and baby. Side sleeping is also a pregnancy winner<br />
because sleeping on the back puts pressure on the lower back (which can lead to fainting) and<br />
stomach-sleeping is impossible for obvious reasons . For those not expecting, sleeping on the<br />
left side can also ease heartburn and acid reflux, making it easier for people with these<br />
conditions to doze off.<br />
Cons: At the same time, sleeping on the left side can put pressure on the stomach and lungs<br />
(alternating sides often can help prevent organ strain). And as almost all side-sleepers know<br />
well, this position can result in the dreaded squished-arm-numbness. Snuggling into bed with<br />
the arm behind the head is a common sleep position, but it may adversely affect muscles and<br />
nerves. Resting the head (or the whole body) on a single arm can restrict blood flow and press<br />
down on the nerves, which results in “rubber arm” or painful pins and needles. In this position,<br />
the shoulder supports a lot of the body’s weight, which can constrict the neck and shoulder<br />
muscles .
Stomach Sleepers<br />
Pros: Stomach sleeping eases snoring and some cases of sleep apnea, but that’s pretty much<br />
the only good thing about going belly-down at night.<br />
Cons: Resting on the tummy is widely regarded as the worst sleeping position. It flattens the<br />
natural curve of the spine, which can lead to lower back pain. Sleeping all night with the head<br />
turned to one side also strains the neck. If this is the preferred position, try using pillows to<br />
gradually train the body to sleep on one side. Lower back twinges? Try sticking a pillow under<br />
the hips and lower abdomen to give the bottom of the spine a boost.<br />
Conclusion:<br />
Regardless of health benefits, people sleep in the position they find comfiest. Experimenting<br />
with different sleep positions won’t do any harm, so feel free to try each position for a few<br />
nights and see which is the best fit. Whether it’s back, side, or stomach, people tend to wake<br />
up in the position that their bodies naturally snooze in. Unless a doctor specifically<br />
recommends switching, it’s probably best to keep doing what feels right.
Eat Healthy<br />
The Basics: Overview<br />
To be healthy, your body needs to get enough vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Eating healthy means<br />
getting plenty of:<br />
<br />
<br />
Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk products<br />
Seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, beans, peas, seeds, and nuts<br />
Eating healthy also means limiting:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Cholesterol, sodium (salt), and added sugars<br />
Trans fats, which may be in foods like cakes, cookies, stick margarines, and fried foods<br />
Saturated fats, which come from animal products like cheese, fatty meats, whole milk, and butter<br />
Foods made with refined grains, like white bread, noodles, white rice, and flour tortillas<br />
Get a personalized Daily Food Plan to help you choose healthy foods.
What is Criminology?<br />
Criminology is the study of crime from a social perspective: the causes of crime, the social<br />
impact of crime, and the criminals involved in the crime. Criminologists study criminology in an<br />
attempt to better understand what motivates the criminal to act in a criminal manner. Their<br />
work is generally focused on the study of: Theories explaining illegal and/or deviant behavior<br />
The social reaction to crime<br />
The political terrain of social control<br />
The effectiveness of anti-crime policies<br />
Criminals<br />
Crimes<br />
Crime victims<br />
Individuals studying criminology often become detectives or federal law enforcement<br />
investigators.<br />
Criminologist Jobs: From Criminal Investigations to Public Policy<br />
Many law enforcement agencies routinely seek out criminologists to profile criminals so as to<br />
gain a better understanding of their rationale and what motivates their criminal behavior.<br />
Criminologists seek to gain answers to what really happens on the streets, in courtrooms, in<br />
police stations, and behind prison bars. These social science professionals use their expertise<br />
to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of any number of laws, policies, and proposals.<br />
They also look for answers by studying the socio-cultural, economic, and global roots of crime,<br />
the meaning of crime, and crime rates, and by measuring criminal activity and its impact on<br />
criminals and on society as a whole.Criminologists collect much of their information by<br />
analyzing data sets, statistical studies, and ethnographic studies on topics such as drug use and<br />
homicide rates.
The Theories of Criminology<br />
Criminology attempts to explain crimes within a societal context and the variances between<br />
societies and cultures. Within the study of criminology are three, distinct theories that attempt<br />
to explain why criminals do what they do:Classical: The Classical theory of criminology suggests<br />
that people commit crimes when they believe the benefits of the crime outweigh the possible<br />
costs. Individuals who believe in this theory then likely believe that the logical way to reduce<br />
crime is to give criminals harsher punishments.<br />
Positivist: The Positivist theory of criminology attempts to explain that crime is affected by<br />
both internal and external factors, both of which are outside of the criminal’s control. In other<br />
words, it suggests that a number of biological and social factors may lead to criminal behavior.<br />
The Positivist theory suggests that things such as poverty and a lack of education result in<br />
higher crime rates; therefore, crime may be reduced if educational and employment<br />
opportunities are presented to individuals with socio-economical disadvantages.<br />
Individual Trait: The Individual Trait theory suggests that the most distinguishable differences<br />
between criminals and non-criminals are biological and psychological. It therefore suggests<br />
that the only way to reduce crime is to limit the interaction of those who have the same<br />
biological and psychological traits as much as possible.<br />
Criminology: A Sociological Basis<br />
Criminology is best viewed as a study, not a discipline, which is rooted in sociology and in the<br />
intellectual traditions and methodologies of such major thinkers as Marx and Weber. In other<br />
words, the study of crime and social control is interrelated and interconnected.<br />
Criminologists, when studying the causes of criminal activity among different groups of people,<br />
blend the areas of social science, psychology, and criminal justice. Their work involves<br />
investigating how such factors as socio-economic status, race, and ethnicity can influence<br />
crime, as well as studying past studies and the success/failure rates of specific law<br />
enforcement and sentencing methods.<br />
Other examinations among criminologists include how individuals react to specific types of<br />
crimes, how crime affects the American culture, and the consequences of crime on victims,<br />
their families, and other citizens.<br />
The Development and Rise of Criminology<br />
Criminology attempts to build theories that explain why some crimes occur and why criminals<br />
commit crimes. The theories are tested by observing behavior and studying statistics.<br />
Criminological theories are then used to shape how society responds to crime, both in terms of<br />
preventing future incidences of crime and responding to criminals who commit those crimes.<br />
The study of criminology dates back to the beginning of the 18th century, when scholars began<br />
distinguishing the act of committing a crime from sin by attempting to explain that why crime<br />
occurred. This first venture into the study of crime was referred to as classical criminology.In<br />
the beginning of the 19the century, modern criminology began to take shape, with the study
of criminology being recognized as a sub-discipline of psychology, sociology, and economics.<br />
During this time, criminological societies and journals of criminology began to emerge, and<br />
criminologists were conducting observations and experiments based on their theories.<br />
The latter part of the 20th century brought about the third phase of criminology known as<br />
independent criminology, which saw this field of study pulling away from the larger disciplines<br />
of sociology and psychology and standing on its own as a separate social science. A number of<br />
universities began to offer it as undergraduate and graduate programs and professional<br />
associations and journals became widespread.
In this section, you are going to see the story of Orpheus, enjoy<br />
Orpheus is a famous Greek musician; he hypnotizes people with his Lyre.<br />
He is married with Euridice and he loves her very much.<br />
One day, his friend Aristayus comes to stay with them, immediately he falls in love with<br />
Eurydice.<br />
One afternoon he says to her "Let's walk together"<br />
They walk in the fields when suddenly he pulls her to him and kisses her "I love you" he says<br />
"marry me"<br />
Eurydice runs quickly from Aristayus. There's a snake in the grass but she doesn't see it and<br />
attacks her.<br />
"This is terrible, I must return to my house "says Aristayus.<br />
When Orpheus hears the news, he decides to go to the underworld to find his wife. He travels<br />
over deserts and oceans.<br />
When he arrives, he sees at the entrance an enormous dog with tree heads.<br />
To avoid the dog's attack he plays his Lyre and it falls to the ground, asleep.<br />
After that, he enters the gates, there's a river. An old man that looks miserable stands near a<br />
small boat.<br />
"Who are you and what are you doing here? “Ask the man.<br />
“I’m Orpheus, I want to visit the underworld. Can you help me, please? What's your name? "<br />
“I’m Kayron I take the dead people across the Styx River. I don't know how do you get here,<br />
but you aren't dead, I can't help you. "<br />
"I have got an idea" says Orpheus "If I make you smile you must take me across the river."<br />
At listening Kayron passed to be bored to be fascinated, and he smiles from hear to hear.<br />
When he crosses the river, he enters to Castle of the underworld God. His wife Persephone is<br />
next to him.<br />
"What do you want? Ask Hades when he notices that Orpheus wasn't dead” Please your<br />
majesty, Give me my wife back; I love her I can't live without her.<br />
Hades wasn't convinced, so Orpheus takes his Lyre and starts to sing songs of love.
Persephone starts to cry, Hades sees her and say" I give you my permission, but there's one<br />
condition: you must play your Lyre and she must follow the sound. You mustn't turn around to<br />
look at her. First pass the gates and let them close behind you. Stand in the sun for one<br />
minute, and then you can turn around and look at her.<br />
"Thank you, your majesty.<br />
Orpheus follows Hades' instructions.<br />
When he arrived to the gates, he is not sure if Eurydice is behind him, so he turns around.<br />
There she is, but she looks white, and suddenly disappears.<br />
The gates of the underworld close. Orpheus falls to the ground and Eurydice disappears for<br />
eternity.
The purpose of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) personality inventory is to make the<br />
theory of psychological types described by C. G. Jung understandable and useful in people's<br />
lives. The essence of the theory is that much seemingly random variation in the behavior is<br />
actually quite orderly and consistent, being due to basic differences in the ways individuals<br />
prefer to use their perception and judgment.<br />
"Perception involves all the ways of becoming aware of things, people, happenings, or ideas.<br />
Judgment involves all the ways of coming to conclusions about what has been perceived. If<br />
people differ systematically in what they perceive and in how they reach conclusions, then it is<br />
only reasonable for them to differ correspondingly in their interests, reactions, values,<br />
motivations, and skills."<br />
In developing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator [instrument], the aim of Isabel Briggs Myers,<br />
and her mother, Katharine Briggs, was to make the insights of type theory accessible to<br />
individuals and groups. They addressed the two related goals in the developments and<br />
application of the MBTI instrument:<br />
The identification of basic preferences of each of the four dichotomies specified or implicit in<br />
Jung's theory.<br />
The identification and description of the 16 distinctive personality types that result from the<br />
interactions among the preferences."<br />
Excerpted with permission from the MBTI® Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of<br />
the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®<br />
Favorite world: Do you prefer to focus on the outer world or on your own inner world? This is<br />
called Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I).<br />
Information: Do you prefer to focus on the basic information you take in or do you prefer to<br />
interpret and add meaning? This is called Sensing (S) or Intuition (N).<br />
Decisions: When making decisions, do you prefer to first look at logic and consistency or first<br />
look at the people and special circumstances? This is called Thinking (T) or Feeling (F).<br />
Structure: In dealing with the outside world, do you prefer to get things decided or do<br />
you prefer to stay open to new information and options? This is called Judging (J) or<br />
Perceiving (P).<br />
Your Personality Type: When you decide on your preference in each category, you<br />
have your own personality type, which can be expressed as a code with four letters.<br />
The 16 personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® instrument are listed<br />
here as they are often shown in what is called a "type table."<br />
For a description of your MBTI type, place your cursor over the box containing your<br />
four-letter type code. You may also wish to browse through all of the 16 type<br />
descriptions.If you do not know your MBTI type, you may wish to take the instrument
Type tables can also be used to gather and facilitate analysis of information about<br />
teams or specific groups of people.<br />
All types are equal: The goal of knowing about personality type is to understand and<br />
appreciate differences between people. As all types are equal, there is no best type.<br />
The MBTI instrument sorts for preferences and does not measure trait, ability, or<br />
character. The MBTI tool is different from many other psychological instruments and<br />
also different from other personality tests.<br />
The best reason to choose the MBTI instrument to discover your personality type is<br />
that hundreds of studies over the past 40 years have proven the instrument to be both<br />
valid and reliable. In other words, it measures what it says it does (validity) and<br />
produces the same results when given more than once (reliability). When you want an<br />
accurate profile of your personality type, ask if the instrument you plan to use has<br />
been validated.<br />
The theory of psychological type was introduced in the 1920s by Carl G. Jung. The<br />
MBTI tool was developed in the 1940s by Isabel Briggs Myers and the original research<br />
was done in the 1940s and '50s. This research is ongoing, providing users with updated<br />
and new information about psychological type and its applications. Millions of people<br />
worldwide have taken the Indicator each year since its first publication in 1962.
Since the dawn of time, we have tried to describe and categorize ourselves in many<br />
ways. From the four temperaments of the Ancient civilizations – sanguine, choleric,<br />
melancholic and phlegmatic – to the latest advances in psychology, people have been<br />
restless in their pursuit of a good, reliable way to fit something as complex and fluid as<br />
human personality into a well-defined model. We are still some time away from being<br />
able to do that, although the current models account for the majority of our<br />
personality traits and can often predict with a high degree of confidence how we are<br />
likely to behave in specific circumstances.<br />
That said, it is important to bear in mind that regardless of which model we rely on,<br />
our personality is just one aspect of many – our actions are also influenced by our<br />
environment, experience, and individual goals. In our Type Descriptions and Premium<br />
Profiles, we describe how people belonging to a specific personality type are likely to<br />
behave – however, remember that these are just indicators and tendencies, not<br />
definitive guidelines or answers. There’s a big difference between scoring 10% on a<br />
trait, and scoring 80%. This information is meant to inspire personal growth and better<br />
understanding of others, not to be taken as gospel.<br />
Our approach has its roots in two different philosophies. One dates back to early 20th<br />
century and was the brainchild of Carl Gustav Jung, the father of analytical psychology.<br />
Jung’s theory of psychological types is perhaps the most influential creation in<br />
personality typology, and it has inspired a number of different theories, including our<br />
own. One of Jung’s key contributions was the development of the concept of<br />
Introversion and Extraversion – he theorized that each of us falls into one of these two<br />
categories, either focusing on the internal world (Introvert) or the outside world<br />
(Extravert). These terms are usually defined differently nowadays, with Extraversion<br />
being synonymous with social prowess – however, the original Jungian definitions<br />
focused on where the person tends to get their energy from. In that sense,<br />
Introversion does not imply shyness, and Extraversion does not necessarily mean good<br />
social skills.<br />
Besides Introversion and Extraversion, Jung also coined several additional concepts.<br />
The ones most relevant to us are the so-called Judging functions (either Thinking or<br />
Feeling) and Perceiving functions (either Sensing or Intuition). According to Jung, each<br />
person prefers one of these cognitive functions and finds it most natural to rely on it in<br />
everyday situations. However, other functions also have their place and can emerge<br />
depending on the circumstances. These functions are also defined by the person’s
Introversion or Extraversion – e.g. someone whose dominant function is Introverted<br />
Feeling is likely to think differently from someone with Extraverted Feeling at the helm.<br />
In the 1920s, Jung’s theory was noticed by Katharine Cook Briggs, who later coauthored<br />
one of the most popular personality indicators used today, the Myers-Briggs<br />
Type Indicator® (MBTI®). Briggs was a teacher with an avid interest in personality<br />
typing, having developed her own type theory before learning of Jung’s writings.<br />
Together with her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, they developed a convenient way to<br />
describe the order of each person’s Jungian preferences – this is how the four-letter<br />
acronyms were born. There were four possible pairs of personality traits:<br />
Introversion (I) or Extraversion (E)<br />
Intuition (N) or Sensing (S)<br />
Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)<br />
Judging (J) or Perceiving (P)<br />
You’ll recall these terms from the paragraphs dedicated to Jung. According to the<br />
Myers-Briggs model, the first letter determines the attitudes of the dominant and<br />
subsequent functions, while the last letter shows which function is dominant. For<br />
Extraverts, the dominant function is focused on the outside world. J means that one of<br />
the Judging functions (Thinking or Feeling) is dominant; P points to one of the<br />
Perceiving functions (Intuition or Sensing). For Introverts, J and P show the auxiliary<br />
rather than dominant function – the dominant function itself is internalized. Of course,<br />
this is just a very simplified description of the Myers-Briggs theory – visitors interested<br />
in learning more should read “Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type” by<br />
Isabel Briggs Myers.<br />
For more information visit : http://www.16personalities.com/free-personality-test