Module 1 - What is your search question? Before you start ... - Library
Module 1 - What is your search question? Before you start ... - Library
Module 1 - What is your search question? Before you start ... - Library
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<strong>Module</strong> 1 - <strong>What</strong> <strong>is</strong> <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong>?<br />
Updated: 2015-01-20<br />
Questions: Maaike.verweij@hu.nl<br />
<strong>Before</strong> <strong>you</strong> <strong>start</strong> <strong>search</strong>ing for information, it <strong>is</strong> important to have a clear idea of <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong><br />
<strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong>. Therefore, always <strong>start</strong> with phrasing and restricting <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong><br />
<strong>question</strong>. After th<strong>is</strong>, <strong>you</strong> will find it easier to determine different <strong>search</strong> terms.<br />
Of course, <strong>you</strong> may come up with new ideas during <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> and then <strong>you</strong> have to<br />
modify <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> original <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong>.<br />
1. Phrasing and restricting <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong><br />
You phrase a <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong> by noting down what it <strong>is</strong> <strong>you</strong> want to know in one or two<br />
sentences. It <strong>is</strong> important to specify <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>question</strong> as much as possible.<br />
Suppose <strong>you</strong> <strong>start</strong> off with the following <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong>: “housing problems for <strong>you</strong>ng<br />
people” while <strong>you</strong> really want to know about the shortage of student rooms in Utrecht.<br />
Your <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong> will then obviously lead to a lot of useless information.<br />
Specify <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong> as much as possible. You can do th<strong>is</strong> by using the 5 W’s:<br />
Who, Where, When, <strong>What</strong>, Why.<br />
Important: how <strong>you</strong> answer the five w <strong>question</strong>s depends on <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong>. And<br />
often <strong>you</strong> will think of more than just five <strong>question</strong>s!<br />
Example<br />
Suppose <strong>you</strong> are interested in learning more about the housing market for <strong>you</strong>ng people.<br />
<strong>Before</strong> <strong>you</strong> <strong>start</strong> <strong>search</strong>ing, it <strong>is</strong> useful to ask <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong>self the five 5 W <strong>question</strong>s.<br />
Who:<br />
About whom do I need information: <strong>you</strong>ng people aged 18 to …, students, working<br />
students, male/female…<br />
Where:<br />
About which region or country do I need information: Europe, The Netherlands, the<br />
province of Utrecht, the city of Utrecht…<br />
When:<br />
Do I need recent information or do I want an overview of developments in the last 5<br />
years…<br />
<strong>What</strong>:<br />
Do I need information on student rooms or independent accommodation… Do I need<br />
information on private or rented property…<br />
Why:<br />
<strong>What</strong> purpose does the information serve? Do I need it for a presentation or for my<br />
thes<strong>is</strong>?<br />
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2. Determining <strong>search</strong> terms<br />
Using specific <strong>search</strong> terms <strong>is</strong> important when <strong>you</strong> want to <strong>search</strong> effectively.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
By restricting <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong> <strong>you</strong> divide it into different aspects. These aspects<br />
will provide <strong>you</strong> with several <strong>search</strong> terms. The following <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong>: 'the job<br />
market for higher education graduates” contains three aspects: job market, higher<br />
education and graduates. These are <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> main <strong>search</strong> terms.<br />
Now <strong>you</strong> can complete <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> l<strong>is</strong>t of <strong>search</strong> terms. Determine what <strong>you</strong> already know on<br />
the subject and note down words or phrases which come to mind. You can use an<br />
(online) encyclopaedia to help <strong>you</strong><br />
Don’t forget to use synonyms (different words with the same meaning). Th<strong>is</strong> will<br />
increase <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> chance of finding relevant information. You can use a dictionary of<br />
synonyms<br />
Check whether the terms <strong>you</strong> collected are really relevant to <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong>.<br />
When determining <strong>search</strong> terms, consider:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
the singular and plural form<br />
abbreviations<br />
different languages and translations, for example Dutch and/or Engl<strong>is</strong>h<br />
(parts of) sentences, for example “<strong>start</strong>ing an enterpr<strong>is</strong>e”<br />
different ways of spelling, for example organ<strong>is</strong>ation or organization<br />
<strong>search</strong> terms with a broader or narrower meaning. For example, ‘weather’ <strong>is</strong> broader<br />
than ‘rain’ but ‘drizzle’ <strong>is</strong> narrower than ‘rain’<br />
Homographs<br />
It <strong>is</strong> also important to consider homographs. These are words which are spelled the same<br />
but have a different meaning and sometimes pronunciation. When <strong>you</strong> <strong>search</strong> using the<br />
term “bank” <strong>you</strong> may find information on savings banks but also river banks.<br />
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<strong>Module</strong> 2 – Which information sources can <strong>you</strong> use?<br />
In th<strong>is</strong> module <strong>you</strong> become acquainted with several information sources.<br />
We will d<strong>is</strong>cuss the following information sources:<br />
1. <strong>Library</strong> catalogues<br />
2. Encyclopaedias<br />
3. Professional literature<br />
4. Journals<br />
5. Newspapers<br />
6. Internet<br />
7. Databases<br />
8. Special<strong>is</strong>ts<br />
1. <strong>Library</strong> catalogues<br />
<strong>Library</strong> catalogues contain short descriptions of different types of publications as well as<br />
their location in the library. Via the HU library website <strong>you</strong> can consult the:<br />
- HU libraries catalogue<br />
- Utrecht University <strong>Library</strong> catalogue (UUL)<br />
- The Netherlands Central Catalogue of books (NCC) and magazines (OLC)<br />
Start <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> in the HU catalogue. Here <strong>you</strong> find which HU library owns a publication<br />
and whether it <strong>is</strong> available for loan.<br />
You can place reservations on publications from any location (at home, <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> faculty<br />
location or even from abroad if <strong>you</strong> w<strong>is</strong>h). You can also place reservations on publications<br />
that have not been borrowed.<br />
If a publication <strong>is</strong> not available, consult the UUL Catalogue (University of Utrecht <strong>Library</strong><br />
catalogue)<br />
At the UUL, HU students can borrow publications free of charge on presentation of a valid<br />
student card.<br />
If the publication <strong>is</strong> not available at the UUL, consult the NCC and/or OLC. The NCC<br />
contains descriptions of publications available at nearly all the public libraries and<br />
university libraries in the Netherlands. It <strong>is</strong> possible to request the publication from the<br />
NCC/OLC but there are costs involved. It will take some time before the publication <strong>is</strong><br />
delivered at the HU libraries.<br />
2. Encyclopaedias<br />
Encyclopaedias are a good resource to familiarize <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong>self with a subject. They offer basic<br />
information. Reading an article in an encyclopaedia might help <strong>you</strong> to come up with<br />
<strong>search</strong> terms to use in <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong>.<br />
A few encyclopaedias can be found on the internet; unfortunately most are only<br />
accessible to subscribers. Some are freely accessible: check out Wikipedia. Please note<br />
that th<strong>is</strong> encyclopaedia <strong>is</strong> not always reliable.<br />
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3. Professional literature<br />
You can use professional literature when <strong>you</strong> <strong>search</strong> for specific information on certain<br />
topics. Furthermore, <strong>you</strong> will often find bibliographies which refer to relevant publications.<br />
Examples of professional literature: “Principles of marketing”/ Philip Kotler, “Management<br />
and cost accounting” / C.T. Horngren and “Operations management / N. Slack.<br />
All compulsory textbooks are available on loan in the HU libraries. There are also dayloan<br />
copies available.<br />
4. Magazines/journals<br />
At the library website <strong>you</strong> have access to several HU databases which contain full text<br />
articles from a great number of magazines.<br />
General or popular magazines<br />
In general magazines <strong>you</strong> often find reviews of important new publications, columns on<br />
events and advert<strong>is</strong>ements. Examples of general magazines: Time or Business Week.<br />
Professional journals<br />
You can use professional journals to find out the latest developments in a specific field.<br />
Moreover, <strong>you</strong> often find bibliographies which refer to relevant publications. For example:<br />
The Econom<strong>is</strong>t or Advert<strong>is</strong>ing Age.<br />
5. Newspapers<br />
On the database page <strong>you</strong> have access to the Lex<strong>is</strong> Nex<strong>is</strong> Academic database. Th<strong>is</strong><br />
database contains news items and full text articles from national as well as international<br />
press agencies, newspapers and several journals.<br />
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6. Internet<br />
Finding relevant information on the Internet <strong>is</strong> not always easy. It <strong>is</strong> impossible for a<br />
<strong>search</strong> engine to <strong>search</strong> the entire internet and keep up with all the different updates.<br />
Besides, a lot of information <strong>is</strong> “hidden” in files, for example databases, which are not<br />
being <strong>search</strong>ed by <strong>search</strong> engines.<br />
Doing the same <strong>search</strong> using different <strong>search</strong> engines often gives <strong>you</strong> different results.<br />
Also, <strong>you</strong> are quite often referred to websites which no longer ex<strong>is</strong>t, irrelevant websites or<br />
information sources of bad quality.<br />
Your chance of finding relevant information increases when <strong>you</strong> phrase <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong><br />
<strong>question</strong> carefully (module 1) and combine keywords (module 3). In module 4 we d<strong>is</strong>cuss<br />
how <strong>you</strong> determine whether the information <strong>you</strong> find <strong>is</strong> reliable.<br />
The largest <strong>search</strong> engine <strong>is</strong> of course: Google<br />
Google also offers a <strong>search</strong> engine which primarily <strong>search</strong>es re<strong>search</strong> rapports, scientific<br />
articles and reports: Google scholar.<br />
It <strong>is</strong> very useful if <strong>you</strong> need information on a more scholarly level.<br />
7. Databases<br />
Databases have 3 character<strong>is</strong>tics:<br />
I. Subject or field<br />
II. Geography<br />
III. Topicality<br />
I. Subject or field<br />
Databases can contain information on any subject or field, such as: science, law, finance,<br />
economics or management. Here <strong>you</strong> find the HU Databases.<br />
II. Geography<br />
Many databases contain information from all language and geographical areas.<br />
For example: the database Business Source Elite. You find it on our database page.<br />
Some databases are limited to information from one language or geographical area.<br />
For example: the database Company.info. Accessible via our database page.<br />
III. Topicality<br />
In some databases <strong>you</strong> can restrict <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> to only newly added information (from a<br />
certain date or from a previous file update). Sometimes <strong>you</strong> have the option to become<br />
member of an alerting service which offers <strong>you</strong> all recently added information by email.<br />
Check out Lucas<br />
With Lucas <strong>you</strong> can <strong>search</strong> simultaneously in many information sources such as<br />
catalogues and databases.<br />
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8. Special<strong>is</strong>ts<br />
Experts are special<strong>is</strong>ts in their field and aware of current developments. They can be<br />
found, for example:<br />
- On Internet forums and newsgroups.<br />
- On websites of specific institutes and organizations.<br />
- In the Pyttersen's Almanak. It contains addresses of Dutch organizations, foundations<br />
and associations.<br />
Libraries<br />
The library staff <strong>is</strong> specialized in <strong>search</strong>ing and finding information. They can help <strong>you</strong><br />
<strong>search</strong> for information or rephrase <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong>.<br />
<strong>Library</strong> websites also offer lots of information. Apart from information on services, opening<br />
hours and the lending policy; <strong>you</strong> can also contact information special<strong>is</strong>ts for <strong>question</strong>s<br />
about specific subject areas. <strong>Library</strong> websites also offer links to relevant websites and<br />
access to databases. For example: see HU <strong>Library</strong> website.<br />
Next<br />
In module 3, <strong>you</strong> learn to use different <strong>search</strong> techniques.<br />
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<strong>Module</strong> 3 - Searching<br />
In th<strong>is</strong> module <strong>you</strong> learn:<br />
1. To use different <strong>search</strong> techniques<br />
2. To <strong>search</strong> the Internet<br />
3. To <strong>search</strong> in the HU library<br />
1. Search techniques<br />
Boolean <strong>search</strong><br />
Using only one <strong>search</strong> term can lead to an enormous <strong>search</strong> result. You can prevent th<strong>is</strong><br />
by combining <strong>search</strong> terms using the Boolean operators: AND, OR and NOT.<br />
Combining <strong>search</strong> terms using AND<br />
You use th<strong>is</strong> strategy when <strong>you</strong> are looking for documents containing all the specific<br />
<strong>search</strong> terms <strong>you</strong> indicated.<br />
For example: Internet AND education. In th<strong>is</strong> case <strong>you</strong> will find documents containing the<br />
word Internet as well as the word education.<br />
Important: <strong>you</strong> can combine different <strong>search</strong> terms but be careful: the more terms <strong>you</strong><br />
combine the smaller the chance of finding a document containing all those terms.<br />
Combining <strong>search</strong> terms using OR.<br />
You use th<strong>is</strong> strategy to increase <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> result. You will find documents containing<br />
either one or both of the <strong>search</strong> terms <strong>you</strong> indicated.<br />
For example: Internet OR education. In th<strong>is</strong> case <strong>you</strong> will find documents containing either<br />
Internet or education, and also documents containing both Internet and education.<br />
You can use OR especially with synonyms, for example Internet OR Net.<br />
Important: You have to use brackets () when <strong>you</strong> combine OR and AND in a <strong>search</strong><br />
<strong>question</strong>. For example: Education AND (Internet OR WWW OR Net).<br />
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Combining <strong>search</strong> results using NOT<br />
You use th<strong>is</strong> strategy to exclude terms from <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> result.<br />
For example: Internet NOT education. Now <strong>you</strong> exclude documents containing the term<br />
education.<br />
Important: <strong>search</strong> engines differ when it comes to combining <strong>search</strong> terms.<br />
Google automatically <strong>search</strong>es with AND in its standard <strong>search</strong> option, whether <strong>you</strong> type<br />
AND or not. You can combine or exclude <strong>search</strong> terms in Google by using the advanced<br />
<strong>search</strong> option.<br />
Always consult a <strong>search</strong> engine’s help option for information on <strong>search</strong> strategies!<br />
Truncation<br />
You can use truncation when <strong>you</strong> want to <strong>search</strong> for variations of a <strong>search</strong> term. You<br />
replace letters or word parts by a symbol called a wildcard or joker.<br />
Truncation can be useful:<br />
- When a term can be spelled in more than one way<br />
Example: organi?ation = organization or organ<strong>is</strong>ation<br />
- When <strong>you</strong> want to find the singular as well as the plural verb form.<br />
Example: manager? = manager, and also: managers.<br />
- When <strong>you</strong> want to <strong>search</strong> for words which are part of a particular word or phrase.<br />
Example: politi* = politics, politicians, etc.<br />
Note: * Is usually used to truncate several letters in the middle or at the end of a word.<br />
? Is usually used to truncate one letter<br />
Important: Truncation has some d<strong>is</strong>advantages: the number of hits (= documents found)<br />
increases considerably. Besides, <strong>you</strong> increase the chance of finding irrelevant documents<br />
(also called ‘no<strong>is</strong>e’).<br />
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2. Searching the Internet<br />
There are several <strong>search</strong> engines available which help <strong>you</strong> <strong>search</strong> quickly.<br />
Google and Yahoo are examples of extensive <strong>search</strong> engines. Other <strong>search</strong> engines<br />
include: Lycos and Ask.com.<br />
There are also meta <strong>search</strong> engines. Here, <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong> <strong>is</strong> taken up by various<br />
<strong>search</strong> engines. Example: Metacrawler<br />
Search options<br />
Search engines have various <strong>search</strong> options; <strong>you</strong> can find these in the ‘help’ option of<br />
most <strong>search</strong> engines.<br />
The better <strong>search</strong> engines include the “advanced <strong>search</strong>” option which <strong>you</strong> can use to<br />
easily refine <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong>.<br />
You can apply the Boolean operators. And <strong>you</strong> can also select language, date, file format,<br />
URL or <strong>search</strong> with the exact phrase.<br />
Google has the option to <strong>search</strong> for “th<strong>is</strong> exact word or phrase”, which <strong>you</strong> can use to<br />
<strong>search</strong> for a phrase, such as for example ‘<strong>start</strong>ing an enterpr<strong>is</strong>e’. Th<strong>is</strong> will give <strong>you</strong> more<br />
relevant results and less ‘no<strong>is</strong>e’ (irrelevant results)<br />
In short: use the advanced <strong>search</strong> option! It increases relevant hits!<br />
3. Searching in the HU library<br />
The HU library collection cons<strong>is</strong>ts of:<br />
Books<br />
E-books<br />
Journals<br />
Newspapers<br />
Databases<br />
DVD's/cd-roms<br />
The collection <strong>is</strong> accessible to anyone. All materials can be consulted on the spot and<br />
most publications are on loan.<br />
You find descriptions of all the materials in the HU catalogue.<br />
9
Searching the library catalogue<br />
The HU catalogue has numerous options to help <strong>you</strong> <strong>search</strong> effectively, for instance:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Click on the Brit<strong>is</strong>h flag icon (top left) to change from Dutch to Engl<strong>is</strong>h.<br />
Search for a leading author or re<strong>search</strong>er<br />
Search for a specific material, for instance: DVD and combine with a keyword<br />
Once <strong>you</strong> find an interesting title, click on words marked blue. These can be title,<br />
author, keywords or classification code. You will be referred to other titles of the same<br />
author, to titles with the same keywords, etc.<br />
To limit <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> result, <strong>you</strong> can refine <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> by using a second keyword or<br />
by selecting a date of publication or a specific library.<br />
Once <strong>you</strong> find an interesting title in the catalogue, the classification code tells <strong>you</strong> where<br />
to find the publication: in which library and on which shelf.<br />
Search in the catalogue for the title <strong>you</strong> are interested in and click on the button Reserve.<br />
Use the button Borrower information to check <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> reservations.<br />
As soon as the publication becomes available at the library of <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> choice, <strong>you</strong> receive an<br />
email notification.<br />
10
Searching the shelves<br />
Libraries always have a classification system. Publications are shelved according to th<strong>is</strong><br />
system and are coded.<br />
In the HU <strong>Library</strong> (FEM collection) th<strong>is</strong> classification code cons<strong>is</strong>ts of a number and four<br />
letters.<br />
The number covers a subject. For instance, 85.40 covers the subject marketing.<br />
Publications are alphabetically categor<strong>is</strong>ed by the first four letters of the author’s surname<br />
or title of the publication.<br />
Example of a classification code: 85.40 KOTL<br />
85.40 = Marketing<br />
KOTL = the author Kotler<br />
Did <strong>you</strong> find an interesting book and would <strong>you</strong> like more information on the same<br />
subject?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Have a look at books with the same classification code<br />
Check the bibliography in the book <strong>you</strong> found.<br />
Search the catalogue for books by the same author<br />
Check to see if the book <strong>is</strong> part of a series on the same subject. You can <strong>search</strong> for<br />
the series in the catalogue.<br />
Next<br />
In module 4 <strong>you</strong> learn to assess the information <strong>you</strong> have found.<br />
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<strong>Module</strong> 4 - Evaluating information<br />
In th<strong>is</strong> module <strong>you</strong> learn about:<br />
1. evaluating information<br />
2. quoting and plagiar<strong>is</strong>m<br />
1. Evaluating information<br />
Finding the information <strong>is</strong> not the end of <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> process.<br />
Whether the information <strong>is</strong> useful and relevant depends entirely on <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> <strong>search</strong> <strong>question</strong>.<br />
You can determine quite quickly whether the information <strong>is</strong> useful by checking the table of<br />
contents, introduction, back cover etc.<br />
But how do <strong>you</strong> determine whether the information <strong>is</strong> reliable?<br />
Books, newspapers and magazines<br />
You can use the following criteria to determine reliability:<br />
1. Author/Authority<br />
Is the author well known? Is he/she an expert? Also, check the catalogue to look for other<br />
publications the author might have publ<strong>is</strong>hed. And how are the reviews?<br />
2. Publ<strong>is</strong>her<br />
Does the publ<strong>is</strong>her enjoy a good reputation? And which other magazines or books have<br />
they publ<strong>is</strong>hed? You can find th<strong>is</strong> information on the publ<strong>is</strong>her’s website.<br />
3. Accuracy<br />
Are the author’s statements supported by other reliable sources? To see whether the<br />
information <strong>is</strong> accurate and complete <strong>you</strong> can check the bibliography, references,<br />
quotations and used sources.<br />
4. Objectivity<br />
<strong>What</strong> <strong>is</strong> the aim of the publication? Does it contain commercial information with the aim of<br />
selling? <strong>What</strong> <strong>is</strong> the author’s interest? Is the author biased? Does the publication contain<br />
facts or opinions and are all angles covered?<br />
5. Topicality<br />
Is the information still valid and up to date?<br />
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Internet<br />
Anyone can publ<strong>is</strong>h information on the internet and there are no editors who decide if<br />
something may or may not be publ<strong>is</strong>hed. So be aware that an online publication <strong>is</strong> not<br />
always accurate and reliable.<br />
You can use the following criteria to evaluate online sources:<br />
1. Author and authority<br />
Who <strong>is</strong> responsible for the content of the website? Who <strong>is</strong> the author and does he/she<br />
enjoy a good reputation?<br />
Do other reliable websites link to th<strong>is</strong> site? Is the publication/website quoted? You can<br />
find out by copying the URL to Google Advanced Search; go to ‘Page-specific <strong>search</strong>’<br />
and use the option ‘Find pages that link to the page’.<br />
The URL rarely offers information on the author. An URL ending with .nl, .be or .uk<br />
does not mean that the author originates from th<strong>is</strong> country. It simply means that the<br />
domain name <strong>is</strong> reg<strong>is</strong>tered in that country.<br />
2. Accuracy and quality<br />
Are the author’s statements supported by other reliable sources?<br />
Is the information correct and complete? Does the site confirm the information <strong>you</strong><br />
learned from other sources?<br />
How <strong>is</strong> the quality of the website? Is proper spelling used? Are there many ‘broken’<br />
internet links which do not function properly?<br />
3. Objectivity<br />
<strong>What</strong> <strong>is</strong> the aim of the website? The last part of the URL can offer <strong>you</strong> useful information.<br />
Examples:<br />
.org = non-profit organ<strong>is</strong>ation<br />
.gov = government<br />
.edu = education<br />
.com = company<br />
Is the website sponsored? Does the site contain facts or personal opinions?<br />
Pay attention to bibliographies and read the d<strong>is</strong>claimer (the publ<strong>is</strong>her or author’s liability <strong>is</strong><br />
mentioned here).<br />
4. Topicality<br />
When was the website created? When was the site last modified? Is the information up to<br />
date? Is there an archive?<br />
Some internet sources are very popular and may seem reliable. For example: the online<br />
encyclopaedia Wikipedia. Wikipedia’s aim <strong>is</strong> to create a multilingual and free online<br />
encyclopaedia. The content <strong>is</strong> freely accessible and people are free to add and edit<br />
information. The idea <strong>is</strong> that the quality of information will improve when people are<br />
encouraged to check and edit the information themselves.<br />
You have to be aware that, although Wikipedia asks authors to maintain a neutral point of<br />
view, there <strong>is</strong> no editorial staff separating facts from personal opinion. A number of users<br />
function as admin<strong>is</strong>trator. They deal with vandal<strong>is</strong>m and remove unwanted pages.<br />
Concerning content, these admin<strong>is</strong>trators are no more important than regular users.<br />
Therefore, Wikipedia <strong>is</strong> not always a reliable source.<br />
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2. Quoting and plagiar<strong>is</strong>m<br />
Once <strong>you</strong> have establ<strong>is</strong>hed that the information <strong>you</strong> have found <strong>is</strong> useful and reliable, the<br />
final step <strong>is</strong> to use the information in <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> presentation, report or assignment.<br />
It <strong>is</strong> very important to quote <strong><strong>you</strong>r</strong> source when <strong>you</strong> use work from others (which <strong>is</strong> almost<br />
always the case). Always mention the original author and the information source.<br />
Remember that plagiar<strong>is</strong>m <strong>is</strong> pun<strong>is</strong>hable.<br />
For example, did <strong>you</strong> know that <strong>you</strong> may not use an internet picture without the owner’s<br />
consent?<br />
How do <strong>you</strong> avoid plagiar<strong>is</strong>m?<br />
Source:<br />
http://upetd.up.ac.za/authors/UPeTD_files/vergrootglas.jpg<br />
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Note down the source of information.<br />
Note all the bibliographical data of each document <strong>you</strong> use, such as author, title, etc.<br />
Use quotations marks “…..” when <strong>you</strong> want to use a direct quote.<br />
Always mention the author of the information or ideas <strong>you</strong> use.<br />
In doubt? Always ask the author or owner’s perm<strong>is</strong>sion.<br />
Check: http://eduscapes.com/tap/topic24.htm for more information on copyright.<br />
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