Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 2 ■ ■ ■ Architecture Overview Oracle is designed to be a very portable database; it is available on every platform of relevance, from Windows to UNIX to mainframes. For this reason, the physical architecture of Oracle looks different on different operating systems. For example, on a UNIX operating system, you will see Oracle implemented as many different operating system processes, with virtually a process per major function. On UNIX, this is the correct implementation, as it works on a multiprocess foundation. On Windows, however, this architecture would be inappropriate and would not work very well (it would be slow and nonscaleable). On the Windows platform, Oracle is implemented as a single, threaded process. On IBM mainframe systems, running OS/390 and z/OS, the Oracle operating system–specific architecture exploits multiple OS/390 address spaces, all operating as a single Oracle instance. Up to 255 address spaces can be configured for a single database instance. Moreover, Oracle works together with OS/390 Workload Manager (WLM) to establish execution priority of specific Oracle workloads relative to each other and relative to all other work in the OS/390 system. Even though the physical mechanisms used to implement Oracle from platform to platform vary, the architecture is sufficiently generalized so that you can get a good understanding of how Oracle works on all platforms. In this chapter, I present a broad picture of this architecture. We’ll examine the Oracle server and define some terms such as “database” and “instance” (terms that always seem to cause confusion). We’ll take a look at what happens when we “connect” to Oracle and, at a high level, how the server manages memory. In the subsequent three chapters, we’ll look in detail at the three major components of the Oracle architecture: • Chapter 3 covers files. In this chapter, we’ll look at the set of five general categories of files that make up the database: parameter, data, temp, control, and redo log files. We’ll also cover other types of files, including trace, alert, dump (DMP), data pump, and simple flat files. We’ll look at the Oracle 10g new file area called the Flashback Recovery Area, and we’ll also discuss the impact that Automatic Storage Management (ASM) has on our file storage. • Chapter 4 covers the Oracle memory structures referred to as the System Global Area (SGA), Process Global Area (PGA), and User Global Area (UGA). We’ll examine the relationships between these structures, and we’ll also discuss the shared pool, large pool, Java pool, and various other SGA components. • Chapter 5 covers Oracle’s physical processes or threads. We’ll look at the three different types of processes that will be running on the database: server processes, background processes, and slave processes. 49
50 CHAPTER 2 ■ ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW It was hard to decide which of these components to cover first. The processes use the SGA, so discussing the SGA before the processes might not make sense. On the other hand, when discussing the processes and what they do, I’ll need to make references to the SGA. These two components are closely tied: the files are acted on by the processes and would not make sense without first understanding what the processes do. What I will do, then, in this chapter is define some terms and give a general overview of what Oracle looks like (if you were to draw it on a whiteboard). You’ll then be ready to delve into some of the details. Defining Database and Instance There are two terms that, when used in an Oracle context, seem to cause a great deal of confusion: “instance” and “database.” In Oracle terminology, the definitions of these terms are as follows: • Database: A collection of physical operating system files or disk. When using Oracle 10g Automatic Storage Management (ASM) or RAW partitions, the database may not appear as individual separate files in the operating system, but the definition remains the same. • Instance: A set of Oracle background processes/threads and a shared memory area, which is memory that is shared across those threads/processes running on a single computer. This is the place to maintain volatile, nonpersistent stuff (some of which gets flushed to disk). A database instance can exist without any disk storage whatsoever. It might not be the most useful thing in the world, but thinking about it that way will definitely help draw the line between the instance and the database. The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they embrace very different concepts. The relationship between them is that a database may be mounted and opened by many instances. An instance may mount and open a single database at any point in time. In fact, it is true to say that an instance will mount and open at most a single database in its entire lifetime! We’ll look at an example of that in a moment. Confused even more? Some further explanation should help clear up these concepts. An instance is simply a set of operating system processes, or a single process with many threads, and some memory. These processes can operate on a database; a database is just a collection of files (data files, temporary files, redo log files, and control files). At any time, an instance will have only one set of files (one database) associated with it. In most cases, the opposite is true as well: a database will have only one instance working on it. However, in the special case of Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC), an option of Oracle that allows it to function on many computers in a clustered environment, we may have many instances simultaneously mounting and opening this one database, which resides on a set of shared physical disks. This gives us access to this single database from many different computers at the same time. Oracle RAC provides for extremely highly available systems and has the potential to architect extremely scalable solutions. Let’s take a look at a simple example. Say we’ve just installed Oracle 10g version 10.1.0.3. We did a software-only installation. No starter databases, nothing—just the software. The pwd command shows the current working directory (this example was performed on a Linux-based computer). We’re in the dbs directory (on Windows, this would be the database
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xxvi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 99 “accidenta
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 101 So, at the
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 103 Password Fi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 105 USER is "SY
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 107 Flashback L
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 109 of the requ
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 111 IMPDP, howe
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 113 tkyte@ORA10
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CHAPTER 4 ■ ■ ■ Memory Struct
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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 117
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ■ ■ Oracle Proces
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 6 ■ ■ ■ Locking and L
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CHAPTER 6 ■ LOCKING AND LATCHING
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 259 So,
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 261 X --
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 263 “s
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 265 busi
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 269 ops$
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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286 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Fir
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288 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO The
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290 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO We
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292 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Wha
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294 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO row
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296 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO If
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298 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ops
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300 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Inv
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302 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO The
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304 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO 41
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306 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ins
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314 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •
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318 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •
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326 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO wil
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328 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Thi
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332 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Whe
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334 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Tha
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336 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO tou
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 423 value of
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 425 One of t
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 427 We then
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 429 we ended
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 433 if ( (++
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 435 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 437 When Sho
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 439 an 8KB b
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 441 select *
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 447 an index
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 449 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 451 9 1, 'M'
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 453 column w
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 457 INSERT a
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CHAPTER 12 ■ ■ ■ Datatypes Ch
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 561 els
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 563 BIG
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 565 Enh
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 567 Tab
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CHAPTER 14 ■ ■ ■ Parallel Exe
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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