Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL ORACLE APPLICATIONS 45 The plans were subtly different (sometimes you’ll find them to be radically different); they did different amounts of work. So, just turning on cursor sharing is something to do with great trepidation (well, testing really—you need to test this). It will potentially change the behavior of your application (e.g., the column widths) and because it removes all literals from SQL, even those that never really change, it can have a negative impact on your query plans. Additionally, I have proven that while CURSOR_SHARING = FORCE runs much faster than parsing and optimizing lots of unique queries, I have also found it to be slower than using queries where the developer did the binding. This arises not from any inefficiency in the cursor sharing code, but rather in inefficiencies in the program itself. In many cases, an application that does not use bind variables is not efficiently parsing and reusing cursors either. Since the application believes each query is unique (it built them as unique statements), it will never use a cursor more than once. The fact is that if the programmer had used bind variables in the first place, he or she could have parsed a query once and reused it many times. It is this overhead of parsing that decreases the overall potential performance. Basically, it is important to keep in mind that simply turning on CURSOR_SHARING = FORCE will not necessarily fix your problems. It may well introduce new ones. CURSOR_SHARING is, in some cases, a very useful tool, but it is not a silver bullet. A well-developed application would never need it. In the long term, using bind variables where appropriate, and constants when needed, is the correct approach. ■Note There are no silver bullets—none. If there were, they would be the default behavior and you would never hear about them. Even if there are some switches that can be thrown at the database level—and they are truly few and far between—problems relating to concurrency issues and poorly executing queries (due to poorly written queries or poorly structured data) cannot be fixed with a switch. These situations require rewrites (and frequently a re-architecture). Moving data files around, changing the multiblock read count, and other database-level switches frequently have a minor impact on the overall performance of an application. Definitely not anywhere near the two, three, . . . n times increase in performance you need to achieve to make the application acceptable. How many times has your application been 10 percent too slow? No one complains about 10 percent too slow. Five times too slow, and people get upset. I repeat: you will not get a five times increase in performance by moving data files around. You will only achieve this by fixing the application, perhaps by making it do significantly less I/O. Performance is something you have to design for, to build to, and to test for continuously throughout the development phase. It should never be something considered after the fact. I am amazed at how often people wait until the application has been shipped to their customer, put in place, and actually running before they even start to tune it. I’ve seen implementations where applications are shipped with nothing more than primary keys—no other indexes whatsoever. The queries have never been tuned or stress-tested. The application has never been tried out with more than a handful of users. Tuning is considered to be part of the installation of the product. To me, that is an unacceptable approach. Your end users should be presented with a responsive, fully tuned system from day one. There will be enough “product
46 CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL ORACLE APPLICATIONS issues” to deal with without having poor performance be the first thing users experience. Users are expecting a few bugs from a new application, but don’t make users wait a painfully long time for them to appear onscreen. The DBA–Developer Relationship It’s certainly true that the most successful information systems are based on a symbiotic relationship between the DBA and the application developer. In this section, I want to give a developer’s perspective on the division of work between developer and DBA (assuming that every serious development effort has a DBA team). As a developer, you should not necessarily have to know how to install and configure the software. That should be the role of the DBA and perhaps the system administrator (SA). Setting up Oracle Net, getting the listener going, configuring the shared server, enabling connection pooling, installing the database, creating the database, and so on—these are functions I place in the hands of the DBA/SA. In general, a developer should not have to know how to tune the OS. I myself generally leave this task to the SAs for the system. As a software developer for database applications, you will need to be competent in use of your OS of choice, but you shouldn’t expect to have to tune it. The single largest DBA responsibility is database recovery. Note I did not say “backup,” I said “recovery,” and I would claim that this is the sole responsibility of the DBA. Understanding how rollback and redo work—yes, that is something a developer has to know. Knowing how to perform a tablespace point-in-time recovery is something a developer can skip over. Knowing that you can do it might come in handy, but actually having to do it—no. Tuning at the database instance level and figuring out what the optimum PGA_AGGREGATE_ TARGET should be is typically the job of the DBA (and the database is quite willing and able to assist them in determining the correct figure). There are exceptional cases where a developer might need to change some setting for a session, but at the database level, the DBA is responsible for that. A typical database supports more than just a single developer’s application. Only the DBA who supports all of the applications can make the right decision. Allocating space and managing the files is the job of the DBA. Developers will contribute their estimations for space (how much they feel they will need), but the DBA/SA will take care of the rest. Basically, developers do not need to know how to run the database. They need to know how to run in the database. The developer and the DBA will work together on different pieces of the same puzzle. The DBA will be visiting you, the developer, when your queries are consuming too many resources, and you’ll be visiting the DBA when you cannot figure out how to make the system go any faster (that’s when instance tuning can be done, when the application is fully tuned). These tasks will all vary by environment, but I would like to think that there is a division of labor. A good developer is usually a very bad DBA, and vice versa. They are two different skill sets, two different mind-sets, and two different personalities, in my opinion. People naturally gravitate toward the job they enjoy doing most, and subsequently get better and better at it. It is not that they are necessarily bad at one of the jobs as much as they are better at the other because they enjoy it more. As for me, I consider myself more of a developer with lots of DBA opinions. I enjoy the development aspects of the job, but I also like to work “in the server” (which has sharpened my application-tuning capabilities, where the low-hanging fruit is always to be found).
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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