Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo and Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 What Is Redo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 What Is Undo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 How Redo and Undo Work Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Example INSERT-UPDATE-DELETE Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Commit and Rollback Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 What Does a COMMIT Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 What Does a ROLLBACK Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Investigating Redo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Measuring Redo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Redo Generation and BEFORE/AFTER Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Can I Turn Off Redo Log Generation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Why Can’t I Allocate a New Log? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Block Cleanout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Log Contention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Temporary Tables and Redo/Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Investigating Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 What Generates the Most and Least Undo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 ORA-01555: snapshot too old Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 ■CHAPTER 10 Database Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Types of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Segment Space Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 High-Water Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 FREELISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 PCTFREE and PCTUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 LOGGING and NOLOGGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 INITRANS and MAXTRANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Heap Organized Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Index Organized Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Index Organized Tables Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Index Clustered Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Index Clustered Tables Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Hash Clustered Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Hash Clustered Tables Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Sorted Hash Clustered Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
viii ■CONTENTS Nested Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Nested Tables Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Nested Table Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Nested Tables Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Temporary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Temporary Tables Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Object Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Object Tables Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 ■CHAPTER 11 Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 An Overview of Oracle Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 B*Tree Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Index Key Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Reverse Key Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Descending Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 When Should You Use a B*Tree Index? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 B*Trees Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Bitmap Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 When Should You Use a Bitmap Index? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Bitmap Join Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Bitmap Indexes Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Function-Based Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Important Implementation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 A Simple Function-Based Index Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Indexing Only Some of the Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Implementing Selective Uniqueness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Caveat on CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Caveat Regarding ORA-01743 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 Function-Based Indexes Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Application Domain Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Frequently Asked Questions and Myths About Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Do Indexes Work on Views? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Do Nulls and Indexes Work Together? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Should Foreign Keys Be Indexed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 Why Isn’t My Index Getting Used? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Myth: Space Is Never Reused in an Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Myth: Most Discriminating Elements Should Be First . . . . . . . . . . 485 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
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722 ■INDEX System Global Area (SG
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724 ■INDEX utility background pro
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Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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