Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNLOADING 681 With those three situations in mind, in general I strongly recommend using external tables for their extended capabilities. SQLLDR is a fairly simple tool that generates an INSERT statement and loads data. Its ability to use SQL is limited to calling SQL functions on a row-by-row basis. External tables open up the entire SQL set of functionality to data loading. Some of the key functionality features that external tables have over SQLLDR in my experience are as follows: • The ability to use complex WHERE conditions to selectively load data. SQLLDR has a WHEN clause to select rows to load, but you are limited to using only AND expressions and expressions using equality—no ranges (greater than, less than), no OR expressions, no IS NULL, and so on. • The ability to MERGE data. You can take an operating system file full of data and update existing database records from it. • The ability to perform efficient code lookups. You can join an external table to other database tables as part of your load process. • Easier multitable inserts using INSERT. Starting in Oracle9i, an INSERT statement can insert into one or more tables using complex WHEN conditions. While SQLLDR can load into multiple tables, it can be quite complex to formulate the syntax. • A shallower learning curve for new developers. SQLLDR is “yet another tool” to learn, in addition to the programming language, the development tools, the SQL language, and so on. As long as a developer knows SQL, he can immediately apply that knowledge to bulk data loading, without having to learn a new tool (SQLLDR). So, with that in mind, let’s look at how to use external tables. Setting Up External Tables As a first simple demonstration of external tables, we’ll rerun the previous SQLLDR example, which bulk loaded data into the DEPT table. Just to refresh your memory, the simple control file we used was as follows: LOAD DATA INFILE * INTO TABLE DEPT FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC ) BEGINDATA 10,Sales,Virginia 20,Accounting,Virginia 30,Consulting,Virginia 40,Finance,Virginia By far the easiest way to get started is to use this existing legacy control file to provide the definition of our external table. The following SQLLDR command will generate the CREATE TABLE statement for our external table:
682 CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNLOADING [tkyte@desktop tkyte]$ sqlldr / demo1.ctl external_table=generate_only SQL*Loader: Release 10.1.0.4.0 - Production on Sat Jul 16 17:34:51 2005 Copyright (c) 1982, 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. [tkyte@desktop tkyte]$ The EXTERNAL_TABLE parameter has one of three values: • NOT_USED: This is self-evident in meaning and is the default value. • EXECUTE: This value means that SQLLDR will not generate a SQL INSERT statement and execute it; rather, it will create an external table and use a single bulk SQL statement to load it. • GENERATE_ONLY: This value causes SQLLDR to not actually load any data, but only to generate the SQL DDL and DML statements it would have executed into the log file it creates. ■Caution DIRECT=TRUE overrides EXTERNAL_TABLE=GENERATE_ONLY. If you specify DIRECT=TRUE, the data will be loaded and no external table will be generated. When using GENERATE_ONLY, we can see the following in the demo1.log file: CREATE DIRECTORY statements needed for files ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CREATE DIRECTORY SYS_SQLLDR_XT_TMPDIR_00000 AS '/home/tkyte' We may or may not see a CREATE DIRECTORY statement in the log file. SQLLDR connects to the database during the external table script generation and queries the data dictionary to see if a suitable directory already exists. In this case, there was no suitable directory in place, so SQLLDR generated a CREATE DIRECTORY statement for us. Next, it generated the CREATE TABLE statement for our external table: CREATE TABLE statement for external table: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CREATE TABLE "SYS_SQLLDR_X_EXT_DEPT" ( "DEPTNO" NUMBER(2), "DNAME" VARCHAR2(14), "LOC" VARCHAR2(13) ) SQLLDR had logged into the database; that is how it knows the exact datatypes to be used in this external table definition (e.g., that DEPTNO is a NUMBER(2)). It picked them up right from the data dictionary. Next, we see the beginning of the external table definition:
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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