Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 539 ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select to_yminterval( '5-2' ) from dual; TO_YMINTERVAL('5-2') --------------------------------------------------------------------------- +000000005-02 But since the vast majority of the time I have the year and months in two NUMBER fields in my application, I find the NUMTOYMINTERVAL function to be more useful, as opposed to building a formatted string from the numbers. Lastly, you can just use the INTERVAL type right in SQL, bypassing the functions altogether: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select interval '5-2' year to month from dual; INTERVAL'5-2'YEARTOMONTH --------------------------------------------------------------------------- +05-02 INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND The syntax for the INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND type is straightforward: INTERVAL DAY(n) TO SECOND(m) where N is an optional number of digits to support for the day component and varies from 0 to 9, with a default of 2. M is the number of digits to preserve in the fractional part of the seconds field and varies from 0 to 9, with a default of 6. Once again, the function I prefer to use to create instances of this INTERVAL type is NUMTODSINTERVAL: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select numtodsinterval( 10, 'day' )+ 2 numtodsinterval( 2, 'hour' )+ 3 numtodsinterval( 3, 'minute' )+ 4 numtodsinterval( 2.3312, 'second' ) 5 from dual; NUMTODSINTERVAL(10,'DAY')+NUMTODSINTERVAL(2,'HOUR')+NUMTODSINTERVAL(3,'MINU --------------------------------------------------------------------------- +000000010 02:03:02.331200000 or simply ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select numtodsinterval( 10*86400+2*3600+3*60+2.3312, 'second' ) 2 from dual; NUMTODSINTERVAL(10*86400+2*3600+3*60+2.3312,'SECOND') --------------------------------------------------------------------------- +000000010 02:03:02.331200000 using the fact that there are 86,400 seconds in a day, 3,600 seconds in an hour, and so on. Alternatively, as before, we can use the TO_DSINTERVAL function to convert a string into a DAY TO SECOND interval:
540 CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select to_dsinterval( '10 02:03:02.3312' ) 2 from dual; TO_DSINTERVAL('1002:03:02.3312') --------------------------------------------------------------------------- +000000010 02:03:02.331200000 or just use an INTERVAL literal in SQL itself: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select interval '10 02:03:02.3312' day to second 2 from dual; INTERVAL'1002:03:02.3312'DAYTOSECOND --------------------------------------------------------------------------- +10 02:03:02.331200 LOB Types LOBs, or large objects, are the source of much confusion, in my experience. They are a misunderstood datatype, both in terms of how they are implemented and how best to use them. This section provides an overview of how LOBs are stored physically and the considerations you must take into account when using a LOB type. They have many optional settings, and getting the right mix for your application is crucial. There are four types of LOBs supported in Oracle: • CLOB: A character LOB. This type is used to store large amounts of textual information, such as XML or just plain text. This datatype is subject to character set translation—that is, the characters in this field will be converted from the database’s character set to the client’s character set upon retrieval, and from the client’s character set to the database’s character set upon modification. • NCLOB: Another type of character LOB. The character set of the data stored in this column is the national character set of the database, not the default character set of the database. • BLOB: A binary LOB. This type is used to stored large amounts of binary information, such as word documents, images, and anything else you can imagine. It is not subject to character set translation. Whatever bits and bytes the application writes into a BLOB are what are returned by the BLOB. • BFILE: A binary file LOB. This is more of a pointer than a database-stored entity. The only thing stored in the database with a BFILE is a pointer to a file in the operating system. The file is maintained outside of the database and is not really part of the database at all. A BFILE provides read-only access to the contents of the file. When discussing LOBs, I’ll break the preceding list into two pieces: LOBs stored in the database, or internal LOBs, which include CLOB, BLOB, and NCLOB; and LOBs stored outside of the database, or the BFILE type. I will not discuss CLOB, BLOB, or NCLOB independently, since from a storage and option perspective they are the same. It is just that a CLOB and NCLOB
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xlii
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 87 6 ( 7 TYPE O
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 89 A Brief Revi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 91 Redundant Ar
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 95 dictionary t
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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 117
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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298 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ops
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 423 value of
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate
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