Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 529 DT2-DT1 MONTHS_BTWN DAYS MONTHS ---------- ----------- ------------------------------ ------------- 380.430903 12.5622872 +000000380 10:20:30.000000000 +000000001-00 Those are all “correct” values, but not of great use to us yet. Most applications would like to display the years, months, days, hours, minutes, and seconds between the dates. Using a combination of the preceding functions, we can achieve that goal. We’ll select out two intervals: one for the years and months, and the other for just the day, hours, and so on. We’ll use the MONTHS_BETWEEN built-in function to determine the decimal number of months between the two dates, and then we’ll use the NUMTOYMINTERVAL built-in function to convert that number into the years and months. Additionally, we’ll use MONTHS_BETWEEN to subtract the integer number of months between the two dates from the larger of the two dates to get down to the days and hours between them: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select numtoyminterval 2 (months_between(dt2,dt1),'month') 3 years_months, 4 numtodsinterval 5 (dt2-add_months( dt1, trunc(months_between(dt2,dt1)) ), 6 'day' ) 7 days_hours 8 from (select to_date('29-feb-2000 01:02:03','dd-mon-yyyy hh24:mi:ss') dt1, 9 to_date('15-mar-2001 11:22:33','dd-mon-yyyy hh24:mi:ss') dt2 10 from dual ) 11 / YEARS_MONTHS DAYS_HOURS --------------- ------------------------------ +000000001-00 +000000015 10:20:30.000000000 Now it is clear that there is 1 year, 15 days, 10 hours, 20 minutes, and 30 seconds between the two DATEs. TIMESTAMP Type The TIMESTAMP type is very much like the DATE, with the addition of support for fractional seconds and time zones. We’ll look at the TIMESTAMP type in the following three sections: one with regard to just the fractional second support but no time zone support, and the other two with regard to the two methods of storing the TIMESTAMP with time zone support. TIMESTAMP The syntax of the basic TIMESTAMP datatype is straightforward: TIMESTAMP(n) where N is optional and is used to specify the scale of the seconds component in the TIMESTAMP and may take on values between 0 and 9. If you specify 0, then a TIMESTAMP is functionally equivalent to a DATE and in fact stores the same values in the same manner:
530 CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES ops$tkyte@ORA10G> create table t 2 ( dt date, 3 ts timestamp(0) 4 ) 5 / Table created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> insert into t values ( sysdate, systimestamp ); 1 row created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select dump(dt,10) dump, dump(ts,10) dump 2 from t; DUMP DUMP ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ Typ=12 Len=7: 120,105,6,28,11,35,41 Typ=180 Len=7: 120,105,6,28,11,35,41 The datatypes are different (the TYP=FIELD indicates that), but the manner in which they store data is identical. The TIMESTAMP datatype will differ in length from the DATE type when you specify some number of fractional seconds to preserve, for example: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> create table t 2 ( dt date, 3 ts timestamp(9) 4 ) 5 / Table created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> insert into t values ( sysdate, systimestamp ); 1 row created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select dump(dt,10) dump, dump(ts,10) dump 2 from t; DUMP DUMP ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- Typ=12 Len=7: 120,105,6,28,11,46,21 Typ=180 Len=11: 120,105,6,28,11,46,21 ,44,101,192,208 Now the TIMESTAMP consumes 11 bytes of storage, and the extra 4 bytes at the end contain the fractional seconds, which we can see by looking at the time that was stored: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> alter session set nls_date_format = 'dd-mon-yyyy hh24:mi:ss'; Session altered. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select * from t;
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xxvi
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xlii
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CHAPTER 1 ■ ■ ■ Developing Su
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 89 A Brief Revi
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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 117
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ■ ■ Oracle Proces
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 423 value of
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate
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Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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