Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 523 ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select x, dump(x,10) d from t; X D --------- ----------------------------------- 25-JUN-05 Typ=12 Len=7: 120,105,6,25,13,2,1 01-JAN-12 Typ=12 Len=7: 53,88,1,1,1,1,1 01-JAN-10 Typ=12 Len=7: 53,90,1,1,1,1,1 The month and day bytes, the next two fields, are stored naturally, without any modification. So, June 25 used a month byte of 6 and a day byte of 25. The hour, minute, and second fields are stored in excess-1 notation, meaning we must subtract 1 from each component to see what time it really was. Hence midnight is represented as 1,1,1 in the date field. This 7-byte format is naturally sortable, as you have seen—it is a 7-byte field that can be sorted in a binary fashion from small to larger (or vice versa) very efficiently. Additionally, its structure allows for easy truncation, without converting the date into some other format. For example, truncating the date we just stored, 25-JUN-2005 12:01:00, to the day (remove the hours, minutes, seconds) is very straightforward. Just set the trailing three bytes to 1,1,1 and the time component is as good as erased. Consider a fresh table, T, with the following inserts: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> create table t ( what varchar2(10), x date ); Table created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> insert into t (what, x) values 2 ( 'orig', 3 to_date( '25-jun-2005 12:01:00', 4 'dd-mon-yyyy hh24:mi:ss' ) ); 1 row created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> insert into t (what, x) 2 select 'minute', trunc(x,'mi') from t 3 union all 4 select 'day', trunc(x,'dd') from t 5 union all 6 select 'month', trunc(x,'mm') from t 7 union all 8 select 'year', trunc(x,'y') from t 9 / 4 rows created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select what, x, dump(x,10) d from t; WHAT X D -------- --------- ----------------------------------- orig 25-JUN-05 Typ=12 Len=7: 120,105,6,25,13,2,1 minute 25-JUN-05 Typ=12 Len=7: 120,105,6,25,13,2,1 day 25-JUN-05 Typ=12 Len=7: 120,105,6,25,1,1,1 month 01-JUN-05 Typ=12 Len=7: 120,105,6,1,1,1,1 year 01-JAN-05 Typ=12 Len=7: 120,105,1,1,1,1,1
524 CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES To truncate that date down to the year, all the database had to do was put 1s in the last 5 bytes—a very fast operation. We now have a sortable, comparable DATE field that is truncated to the year level, and we got it as efficiently as possible. What many people do instead of using TRUNC, however, is use a date format in the TO_CHAR function. For example, they will use Where to_char(date_column,'yyyy') = '2005' instead of Where trunc(date_column,'y') = to_date('01-jan-2005','dd-mon-yyyy') The latter is a far more performant and less resource-intensive approach. If we make a copy of ALL_OBJECTS and save out just the CREATED column ops$tkyte@ORA10G> create table t 2 as 3 select created from all_objects; Table created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats( user, 'T' ); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. and then, with SQL_TRACE enabled, we repeatedly query this table using both techniques, we see the following results: select count(*) from t where to_char(created,'yyyy') = '2005' call count cpu elapsed disk query current rows ------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Parse 4 0.01 0.05 0 0 0 0 Execute 4 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 Fetch 8 0.41 0.59 0 372 0 4 ------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- total 16 0.42 0.64 0 372 0 4 select count(*) from t where trunc(created,'y') = to_date('01-jan-2005','dd-mon-yyyy') call count cpu elapsed disk query current rows ------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Parse 4 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 Execute 4 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 Fetch 8 0.04 0.16 0 372 0 4 ------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- total 16 0.04 0.16 0 372 0 4
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xxvi
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xlii
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CHAPTER 1 ■ ■ ■ Developing Su
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 89 A Brief Revi
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 423 value of
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data
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