Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 521 Formats I am not going to attempt to cover all of the DATE, TIMESTAMP, and INTERVAL formats here. That is well covered in the Oracle SQL Reference manual, which is freely available to all. A wealth of formats is available to you, and a good understanding of what they are is vital. It is strongly recommended that you investigate them. I’d like to discuss what the formats do here, as there are a great many misconceptions surrounding this topic. The formats are used for two things: • To format the data on the way out of the database in a style that pleases you • To tell the database how to convert an input string into a DATE, TIMESTAMP, or INTERVAL And that is all. The common misconception I’ve observed over the years is that the format used somehow affects what is stored on disk and how the data is actually saved. The format has no effect at all on how the data is stored. The format is only used to convert the single binary format used to store a DATE into a string or to convert a string into the single binary format that is used to store a DATE. The same is true for TIMESTAMPs and INTERVALs. My advice on formats is simply this: use them. Use them when you send a string to the database that represents a DATE, TIMESTAMP, or INTERVAL. Do not rely on default date formats— defaults can and probably will at some point in the future be changed by someone. If you rely on a default date format and it changes, your application may be negatively affected. It might raise an error back to the end user if the date cannot be converted or, worse still, it might silently insert the wrong data. Consider the follow INSERT statement, which relies on a default date mask: Insert into t ( date_column ) values ( '01/02/03' ); Suppose the application was relying on a default date mask of DD/MM/YY to be in place. That would be February 1, 2003 (assuming that code was executed after the year 2000, but we’ll visit the implications of that in a moment). Now, say someone decides the correct and proper date format is MM/DD/YY. All of a sudden, that previous date changes to January 2, 2003. Or someone decides YY/MM/DD is right, and now you have February 3, 2001. In short, without a date format to accompany that date string, there are many ways to interpret it. That INSERT statement should be Insert into t ( date_column ) values ( to_date( '01/02/03', 'DD/MM/YY' ) ); And if you want my opinion, it has to be Insert into t ( date_column ) values ( to_date( '01/02/2003', 'DD/MM/YYYY' ) ); That is, it must use a four-character year. Not too long ago, our industry learned the hard way how much time and effort was spent remedying software that attempted to “save” 2 bytes— we seem to have lost that lesson over time. There is no excuse in the year 2005 and beyond not to use a four-character year! This same discussion applies to data leaving the database. If you execute SELECT DATE_ COLUMN FROM T and fetch that column into a string in your application, then you should apply an explicit date format to it. Whatever format your application is expecting should be explicitly applied there. Otherwise, at some point in the future when someone changes the default date format, your application may break or behave incorrectly. Next, let’s look at the datatypes themselves in more detail.
522 CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES DATE Type The DATE type is a fixed-width 7-byte date/time datatype. It will always contain the seven attributes of the century, the year within the century, the month, the day of the month, the hour, the minute, and the second. Oracle uses an internal format to represent that information, so it is not really storing 20, 05, 06, 25, 12, 01, 00 for June 25, 2005, at 12:01:00. Using the built-in DUMP function, we can see what Oracle really stores: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> create table t ( x date ); Table created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> insert into t (x) values 2 ( to_date( '25-jun-2005 12:01:00', 3 'dd-mon-yyyy hh24:mi:ss' ) ); 1 row created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select x, dump(x,10) d from t; X D --------- ----------------------------------- 25-JUN-05 Typ=12 Len=7: 120,105,6,25,13,2,1 The century and year bytes (the 120,105 in the DUMP output) are stored in an excess-100 notation. You would have to subtract 100 from them to determine the correct century and year. The reason for the excess-100 notation is support of BC and AD dates. If you subtract 100 from the century byte and get a negative number, it is a BC date, for example: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> insert into t (x) values 2 ( to_date( '01-jan-4712bc', 3 'dd-mon-yyyybc hh24:mi:ss' ) ); 1 row created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select x, dump(x,10) d from t; X D --------- ----------------------------------- 25-JUN-05 Typ=12 Len=7: 120,105,6,25,13,2,1 01-JAN-12 Typ=12 Len=7: 53,88,1,1,1,1,1 So, when we insert 01-JAN-4712BC, the century byte is 53 and 53 – 100 = –47, the century we inserted. Because it is negative, we know that it is a BC date. This storage format also allows the dates to be naturally sortable in a binary sense. Since 4712 BC is “less than” 4710 BC, we’d like a binary representation that supports that. By dumping those two dates, we can see that 01-JAN-4710BC is “larger” than the same day in 4712 BC, so they will sort and compare nicely: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> insert into t (x) values 2 ( to_date( '01-jan-4710bc', 3 'dd-mon-yyyybc hh24:mi:ss' ) ); 1 row created.
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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