Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL ORACLE APPLICATIONS 9 How (and How Not) to Develop Database Applications So far, I’ve described the importance of understanding the database in a fairly anecdotal manner. In the remainder of this chapter, I’ll take a more empirical approach, discussing specifically why knowledge of the database and its workings will definitely go a long way toward a successful implementation (without having to write the application twice!). Some problems are simple to fix as long as you understand how to find them. Others require drastic rewrites. One of the goals of this book is to help you avoid problems in the first place. ■Note In the following sections, I discuss certain core Oracle features without delving into exactly what these features are and all of the ramifications of using them. I will refer you either to a subsequent chapter in this book or to the relevant Oracle documentation for more information. Understanding Oracle Architecture Recently, I was working with a customer running a large production application. This application had been “ported” from SQL Server to Oracle. I enclose the term “ported” in quotes simply because most ports I see are of the “what is the minimal change we can make to have our SQL Server code compile and execute on Oracle” variety. To port an application from one database to another is a major undertaking. The algorithms should be examined in detail to see if they work correctly in the target database; features such as concurrency controls and locking mechanisms work differently in different databases, and this in turn affects the way the application will function in different databases. The algorithms should also be looked at to see if there is a sensible way to implement them in the target database. The applications that result from a minimal “port” are, frankly, the ones I see most often because they are the ones that need the most help. Of course, the opposite is equally true: taking an Oracle application and just plopping it on top of SQL Server with as few changes as possible will result in a problematic and poorly performing application. In any event, the goal of this “port” was to scale up the application to support a larger installed base of users. However, the customer wanted to achieve this aim with as little work as humanly possible. So, the customer kept the architecture basically the same in the client and database layers, the data was moved over from SQL Server to Oracle, and as few code changes as possible were made. The decision to impose on Oracle the same application design as was used on SQL Server had grave consequences. The two most critical ramifications of this decision were as follows: • The connection architecture to the database was the same in Oracle as it was in SQL Server. • The developers used literal (nonbound) SQL. These two ramifications resulted in a system that could not support the required user load (the database server simply ran out of available memory), and abysmal performance for the set of users that could log in and use the application.
10 CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL ORACLE APPLICATIONS Use a Single Connection in Oracle Now, in SQL Server it is a very common practice to open a connection to the database for each concurrent statement you want to execute. If you are going to do five queries, you might well see five connections in SQL Server. SQL Server was designed that way—much like Windows was designed for multithreading, not multiprocessing. In Oracle, whether you want to do five queries or five hundred queries, the maximum number of connections you want to open is one. Oracle was designed that way. So, what is a common practice in SQL Server is something that is actively discouraged in Oracle; having multiple connections to the database is something you just don’t want to do. But do it they did. A simple web-based application would open 5, 10, 15, or more connections per web page, meaning that the server could support only 1/5, 1/10, 1/15, or an even fewer number of concurrent users that it should have been able to. Additionally, they were attempting to run the database on the Windows platform itself—just a plain Windows XP server without access to the Datacenter version of Windows. This meant that the Windows single-process architecture limited the Oracle database server to about 1.75GB of RAM in total. Since each Oracle connection was designed to handle multiple statements simultaneously, a single connection to Oracle typically takes more RAM than a single connection to SQL Server (but it can do a whole lot more). The developer’s ability to scale was severely limited on this hardware. They had 8GB of RAM on the server but could use only about 2GB of it. ■Note There are ways to get much more RAM used in a Windows environment, such as with the /AWE switch, but this requires versions of the operating system that were not in use in this situation, such as Windows Server Datacenter Edition. There were three possible solutions to this problem, and all three entailed quite a bit of work (and remember, this was after the “port” was supposedly complete!). Our options were as follows: • Re-architect the application, to allow it to take advantage of the fact it was running “on” Oracle and use a single connection to generate a page, not somewhere between 5 to 15 connections. This was the only solution that would actually solve the problem. • Upgrade the OS (no small chore) and use the larger memory model of the Windows Datacenter version (itself not a small chore either, as this process involves a rather involved database setup with indirect data buffers and other nonstandard settings). • Migrate the database from a Windows-based OS to some other OS where multiple processes are used, effectively allowing the database to use all installed RAM (again, a nontrivial task). As you can see, none of the presented options is the sort of solution that would have you thinking, “OK, we’ll do that this afternoon.” Each was a complex solution to a problem that would have most easily been corrected during the database “port” phase, while you were in the code poking around and changing things in the first place. Furthermore, a simple test to “scale” prior to rolling out a production would have caught such issues prior to the end users feeling the pain.
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
Page 4 and 5: Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
Page 6 and 7: ■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
Page 8 and 9: ■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
Page 10 and 11: ■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
Page 12 and 13: Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
Page 14 and 15: ■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
Page 16 and 17: About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
Page 18 and 19: Introduction The inspiration for th
Page 20 and 21: ■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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Page 24 and 25: ■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
Page 26 and 27: Setting Up Your Environment In this
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62 CHAPTER 2 ■ ARCHITECTURE OVERV
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CHAPTER 3 ■ ■ ■ Files In this
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 69 and even dat
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 71 all operatio
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 89 A Brief Revi
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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 117
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 6 ■ LOCKING AND LATCHING
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 265 busi
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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288 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO The
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314 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 423 value of
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 425 One of t
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 427 We then
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 429 we ended
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 433 if ( (++
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 435 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 437 When Sho
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 439 an 8KB b
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 441 select *
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 447 an index
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 449 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 451 9 1, 'M'
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 453 column w
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 455 Bitmap j
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 457 INSERT a
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 459 7 l_last
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 461 ops$tkyt
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 471 Frequent
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 475 If you s
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 477 we’ll
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 479 Predicat
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 485 This dem
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 487 SELECT /
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CHAPTER 12 ■ ■ ■ Datatypes Ch
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 491 • TI
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 501 The IN
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 505 • BI
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 513 ■Not
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 515 Coping
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 517 Note t
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 521 Format
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 529 DT2-DT
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 553 equall
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 555 ROWID/
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 559 6 (
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 561 els
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 563 BIG
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 565 Enh
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 567 Tab
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