Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 467 Caveat on CASE There is a bug in certain Oracle releases whereby a function referenced in a function-based index is rewritten in a manner that prevents the index from apparently being used. For example, the previous CASE statement Case when temporary = 'N' then 'N' end will silently be rewritten into the more efficient CASE "TEMPORARY" WHEN 'N' THEN 'N' END But this function doesn’t match the one we created anymore, so queries will not be able to use it. This simple test case, performed in 10.1.0.3 and then again in 10.1.0.4 (where it is corrected), demonstrates this (in 10.1.0.3): ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create table t ( x int ); Table created. ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create index t_idx on 2 t( case when x = 42 then 1 end ); Index created. ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> set autotrace traceonly explain ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> select /*+ index( t t_idx ) */ * 2 from t 3 where (case when x = 42 then 1 end ) = 1; Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=2 Card=1 Bytes=13) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'T' (TABLE) (Cost=2 Card=1 Bytes=13) It would appear that the function-based index just won’t work and isn’t available. But in fact, the FBI is available, because the underlying function was rewritten, and we can verify this by peeking at the view USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS to see what Oracle has rewritten it to ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> select column_expression 2 from user_ind_expressions 3 where index_name = 'T_IDX'; COLUMN_EXPRESSION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CASE "X" WHEN 42 THEN 1 END In Oracle 10.1.0.4, the rewrite still takes place in the function-based index, but the index use takes place: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> set autotrace traceonly explain ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select /*+ index( t t_idx ) */ * 2 from t 3 where (case when x = 42 then 1 end ) = 1;
468 CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=1 Card=1 Bytes=13) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'T' (TABLE) (Cost=1 Card=1 Bytes=13) 2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'T_IDX' (INDEX) (Cost=1 Card=1) This is because the database is now not only rewriting the function in the CREATE INDEX, but also in the query itself, so they match. The workaround in prior releases is to do one of the following: • Use DECODE instead of CASE, as DECODE is not rewritten and what you see is what you get. • Use the searched CASE syntax in the first place (anticipate the optimization that will take place). But in any situation where your function-based index is not getting used and you cannot see any good reason why it should not be, check out USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS to verify that you are using the correct function. Caveat Regarding ORA-01743 One quirk I have noticed with function-based indexes is that if you create one on the built-in function TO_DATE, it will not succeed in some cases, for example: ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create table t ( year varchar2(4) ); Table created. ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create index t_idx on t( to_date(year,'YYYY') ); create index t_idx on t( to_date(year,'YYYY') ) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01743: only pure functions can be indexed This seems strange, since we can sometimes create a function using TO_DATE, for example: ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create index t_idx on t( to_date('01'||year,'MMYYYY') ); Index created. The error message that accompanies this isn’t too illuminating either: ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> !oerr ora 1743 01743, 00000, "only pure functions can be indexed" // *Cause: The indexed function uses SYSDATE or the user environment. // *Action: PL/SQL functions must be pure (RNDS, RNPS, WNDS, WNPS). SQL // expressions must not use SYSDATE, USER, USERENV(), or anything // else dependent on the session state. NLS-dependent functions // are OK. We are not using SYSDATE. We are not using the “user environment” (or are we?). No PL/SQL functions are used, and nothing about the session state is involved. The trick lies in the format we used: YYYY. That format, given the same exact inputs, will return different , anytime in the month of May
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xxvi
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xxxi
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xlii
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CHAPTER 1 ■ ■ ■ Developing Su
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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50 CHAPTER 2 ■ ARCHITECTURE OVERV
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CHAPTER 3 ■ ■ ■ Files In this
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 69 and even dat
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 71 all operatio
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 73 *.cluster_da
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 77 • To maint
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 79 • Resource
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 81 3 l_dummy nu
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 83 Trace Files
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 85 _qerixAlloca
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 87 6 ( 7 TYPE O
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 89 A Brief Revi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 91 Redundant Ar
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 93 (data from m
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 95 dictionary t
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 99 “accidenta
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 101 So, at the
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 103 Password Fi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 105 USER is "SY
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 107 Flashback L
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 111 IMPDP, howe
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 113 tkyte@ORA10
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CHAPTER 4 ■ ■ ■ Memory Struct
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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 117
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ■ ■ Oracle Proces
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 6 ■ LOCKING AND LATCHING
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 257 •
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 269 ops$
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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286 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Fir
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288 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO The
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292 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Wha
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294 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO row
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296 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO If
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298 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ops
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300 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Inv
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302 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO The
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306 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ins
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308 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO So,
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314 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •
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316 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ...
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318 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •
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320 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO bac
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322 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO As
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326 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO wil
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328 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Thi
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332 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Whe
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334 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Tha
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336 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO tou
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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CHAPTER 15 ■ ■ ■ Data Loading
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706 ■INDEX autonomous transaction
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