Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL ORACLE APPLICATIONS 5 • The developers were following a mandate to be “database independent”—a mandate they could not hope to follow for many reasons, the most obvious being that they didn’t know enough about what databases are and how they might differ. This team would not be able to know what features of the database to avoid in an attempt to remain database independent. • The developers encountered massive performance problems, data integrity problems, hanging issues, and the like (but they had very pretty screens). As a result of the inevitable performance problems, I was called in to help solve the difficulties. Since I started my career attempting to build database-independent applications (to the extent that I wrote my own ODBC drivers before ODBC existed), I know where the mistakes will be made because at one time or another I have made them myself. I always look for inefficient SQL, lots of procedural code where a single SQL statement would suffice, no feature invented after 1995 being used (to remain database independent), and so on. I can recall one particular occasion when I’d been called in to help and could not fully remember the syntax of a new command that we needed to use. I asked for the SQL Reference manual and was handed an Oracle 6.0 document. The development was taking place on version 7.3, five years after the release of version.6.0! It was all the developers had to work with, but this did not seem to concern them at all. Never mind the fact that the tool they really needed to know about for tracing and tuning didn’t even exist back then. Never mind the fact that features such as triggers, stored procedures, and hundreds of others had been added in the five years since the documentation to which they had access was written. It was very easy to determine why they needed help—fixing their problems was another issue altogether. ■Note Even today, in 2005, I often find that database application developers have not spent any time reading the documentation. On my web site (http://asktom.oracle.com), I frequently get questions along the lines of “What is the syntax for . . .” coupled with “We don’t have the documentation, so please just tell us.” I refuse to directly answer many of those questions, but rather point questioners to the online documentation, which is freely available to anyone, anywhere in the world. In the last ten years, the excuse of “We don’t have documentation” or “We don’t have access to resources” has been rendered obsolete. The introduction of the Web and sites such as http://otn.oracle.com (Oracle Technology Network) and http:// groups.google.com (Google Groups Usenet discussion forums) make it inexcusable to not have a full set of documentation at your fingertips! The very idea that developers building a database application should be shielded from the database is amazing to me, but this approach persists. Many people still believe that developers cannot afford the time to get trained in the database and that basically they should not have to know anything about the database. Why? Well, more than once I’ve heard “Oracle is the most scalable database in the world, so my people don’t have to learn about it—it will just do X, Y, and Z.” It is true that Oracle is the most scalable database in the world. However, it is just as easy (if not easier) to write bad, nonscalable code in Oracle as it is to write good, scaleable code. You can replace the word “Oracle” in the last sentence with the name of any
6 CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL ORACLE APPLICATIONS other technology and the statement will remain true. This is a fact: it is easier to write applications that perform poorly than it is to write applications that perform well. If you don’t know what you’re doing, you may find that you’ve managed to build a single-user system in the world’s most scalable database! The database is a tool, and the improper use of any tool can lead to disaster. Would you use a nutcracker as if it were a hammer to smash walnuts? You could, but it would not be a proper use of that tool, and the result would be messy (and probably involve some seriously damaged fingers). Similar effects can be achieved by remaining ignorant of your database. For example, I was called into a project recently. The developers were experiencing massive performance issues—it seemed that their system was serializing many transactions. Instead of many people working concurrently, everyone was getting into a really long line and waiting for those in front of them to complete before they could proceed. The application architects walked me through the architecture of their system—the classic three-tier approach. They would have a web browser talk to a middle-tier application server running JavaServer Pages (JSP). The JSPs would in turn use another layer, Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), that did all of the SQL. The SQL in the EJBs was generated by some third-party tool and was done in a database-independent fashion. Now, in this system it was very hard to diagnose anything, because none of the code was instrumented or traceable. Instrumenting code is the fine art of making every other line of developed code be debug code, something that allows you to trace the execution of your application so that when you are faced with performance, capacity, or even logic issues, you can track down exactly where the problem is. In this case, we could only say for sure that the problem was “somewhere in between the browser and the database.” In other words, the entire system was suspect. Fortunately, the Oracle database is heavily instrumented, but unfortunately, the application needs to be able to turn the instrumentation on and off at appropriate points—an ability that this application did not have. So, we were faced with trying to diagnose a performance issue with not too many details, just what we could glean from the database itself. Normally, an application-level trace would be preferred for investigating an application performance issue. Fortunately, however, in this case the solution was fairly easy. A review of some of the Oracle V$ tables (the V$ tables are one way Oracle exposes its instrumentation—its statistics) revealed that the major contention was around a single table, a queue table of sorts. We could see this based on the V$LOCK view, which would show us the blocked sessions, and V$SQL, which would show us the SQL that these blocked sessions were trying to execute. The application would place records into this table, and another set of processes would pull the records out of this table and process them. Digging deeper, we found a bitmap index on the PROCESSED_FLAG column in this table. ■Note Chapter 12 provides detailed information on bitmapped indexes, including a discussion of why they are not just for low-cardinality values and why they are not appropriate for update-intensive columns. The reasoning was that this column, the PROCESSED_FLAG column, had only two values: Y and N. Records inserted into the table would have a value of N (for not processed). As the other processes read and processed the record, they would update the value from N to Y. These processes needed to be able to find the N records rapidly, hence the developers knew
Page 2 and 3: Expert Oracle Database Architecture
Page 4 and 5: Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
Page 6 and 7: ■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
Page 8 and 9: ■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
Page 10 and 11: ■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
Page 12 and 13: Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
Page 14 and 15: ■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
Page 16 and 17: About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
Page 18 and 19: Introduction The inspiration for th
Page 20 and 21: ■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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Page 24 and 25: ■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
Page 26 and 27: Setting Up Your Environment In this
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CHAPTER 3 ■ ■ ■ Files In this
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 67 Without a pa
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 69 and even dat
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 71 all operatio
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 77 • To maint
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 87 6 ( 7 TYPE O
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 89 A Brief Revi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 91 Redundant Ar
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 93 (data from m
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 95 dictionary t
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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 117
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 6 ■ LOCKING AND LATCHING
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 257 •
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 259 So,
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 269 ops$
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 275 Auto
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 423 value of
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 425 One of t
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 427 We then
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 429 we ended
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 433 if ( (++
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 435 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 437 When Sho
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 439 an 8KB b
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 441 select *
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 447 an index
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 449 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 451 9 1, 'M'
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 453 column w
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 455 Bitmap j
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 457 INSERT a
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 459 7 l_last
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 461 ops$tkyt
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 463 If we co
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 471 Frequent
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 477 we’ll
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 479 Predicat
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 485 This dem
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CHAPTER 12 ■ ■ ■ Datatypes Ch
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 491 • TI
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 493 (in th
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 553 equall
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 555 ROWID/
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 559 6 (
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 561 els
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 563 BIG
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 565 Enh
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Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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