Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 435 Table 11-4. Performance Test for Use of Reverse Key Indexes with PL/SQL and Pro*C: Ten Users Reverse No Reverse Reverse No Reverse PL/SQL PL/SQL Pro*C Pro*C Transaction/second 45.90 35.38 17.88 16.05 CPU time (seconds) 781 789 1,256 1,384 Buffer busy waits number/time 26,846/279 456,231/1,382 25,871/134 364,556/1,702 Elapsed time (minutes) 3.47 4.50 8.90 9.92 Log file sync number/time 2,602/72 11,032/196 12,653/141 PL/SQL, in the absence of the log file sync wait, is very much helped by removing the buffer busy wait events. Pro*C is experiencing more buffer busy wait contention now but, due to the fact it is waiting on log file sync events frequently, is not benefiting. One way to improve the performance of the PL/SQL implementation with a regular index would be to introduce a small wait. That would reduce the contention on the right-hand side of the index and increase overall performance. For space reasons, I will not include the 15- and 20-user tests here, but I will confirm that the trend observed in this section continued. We can take away two things from this demonstration. A reverse key index can help alleviate a buffer busy wait situation, but depending on other factors you will get varying returns on investment. In looking at Table 11-4 for the ten-user test, the removal of buffer busy waits (the most waited for wait event in that case) affected transaction throughput marginally, but it did show increased scalability with higher concurrency levels. Doing the same thing for PL/SQL had a markedly different impact on performance: we achieved a measurable increase in throughput by removing that bottleneck. Descending Indexes Descending indexes were introduced in Oracle8i to extend the functionality of a B*Tree index. They allow for a column to be stored sorted in descending order (from big to small) in the index instead of ascending order (from small to big). Prior releases of Oracle, pre-Oracle8i, always supported the DESC (descending) keyword syntactically, but basically ignored it—it had no effect on how the data was stored or used in the index. In Oracle8i and above, however, the DESC keyword changes the way the index is created and used. Oracle has had the ability to read an index backward for quite a while, so you may be wondering why this feature is relevant. For example, if we use the table T from earlier and query it as follows: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> set autotrace traceonly explain ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select owner, object_type 2 from t 3 where owner between 'T' and 'Z' 4 and object_type is not null 5 order by owner DESC, object_type DESC; Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=82 Card=11395 Bytes=170925)
436 CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES Oracle will just read the index backward. There is no final sort step in this plan; the data is sorted. Where this descending index feature comes into play, however, is when you have a mixture of columns, and some are sorted ASC (ascending) and some DESC (descending), for example: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select owner, object_type 2 from t 3 where owner between 'T' and 'Z' 4 and object_type is not null 5 order by owner DESC, object_type ASC; Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=85 Card=11395 Bytes=170925) 1 0 SORT (ORDER BY) (Cost=85 Card=11395 Bytes=170925) 2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'T_IDX' (INDEX) (Cost=82 Card=11395 ... Oracle isn’t able to use the index we have in place on (OWNER, OBJECT_TYPE, OBJECT_NAME) anymore to sort the data. It could have read it backward to get the data sorted by OWNER DESC, but it needs to read it “forward” to get OBJECT_TYPE sorted ASC. Instead, it collected together all of the rows and then sorted. Enter the DESC index: ops$tkyte@ORA10G> create index desc_t_idx on t(owner desc,object_type asc); Index created. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> exec dbms_stats.gather_index_stats( user, 'DESC_T_IDX' ); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select owner, object_type 2 from t 3 where owner between 'T' and 'Z' 4 and object_type is not null 5 order by owner DESC, object_type ASC; Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=2 Card=11395 Bytes=170925) 1 0 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'DESC_T_IDX' (INDEX) (Cost=2 Card=11395 ... Now, once more, we are able to read the data sorted, and there is no extra sort step at the end of the plan. It should be noted that unless your compatible init.ora parameter is set to 8.1.0 or higher, the DESC option on the CREATE INDEX will be silently ignored—no warning or error will be produced, as this was the default behavior in prior releases. ■Note Do not be tempted to ever leave an ORDER BY off a query. Just because your query plan includes an index does not mean the data will be returned in “some order.” The only way to retrieve data from the database in some sorted order is to include an ORDER BY on your query. There is no substitute for ORDER BY.
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xlii
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CHAPTER 1 ■ ■ ■ Developing Su
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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CHAPTER 3 ■ ■ ■ Files In this
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 69 and even dat
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 71 all operatio
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 73 *.cluster_da
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 79 • Resource
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 83 Trace Files
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 87 6 ( 7 TYPE O
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 89 A Brief Revi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 91 Redundant Ar
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 93 (data from m
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 95 dictionary t
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 107 Flashback L
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 113 tkyte@ORA10
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CHAPTER 4 ■ ■ ■ Memory Struct
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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 117
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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292 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Wha
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294 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO row
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296 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO If
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298 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ops
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300 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Inv
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306 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ins
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314 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •
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332 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Whe
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336 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO tou
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 561 els
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 565 Enh
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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