Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES 371 different PCTFREEs would not make sense. Therefore, a CREATE CLUSTER looks a lot like a CREATE TABLE with a small number of columns (just the cluster key columns): ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create cluster emp_dept_cluster 2 ( deptno number(2) ) 3 size 1024 4 / Cluster created. Here, we have created an index cluster (the other type being a hash cluster, which we’ll look at in the next section). The clustering column for this cluster will be the DEPTNO column. The columns in the tables do not have to be called DEPTNO, but they must be NUMBER(2), to match this definition. We have, on the cluster definition, a SIZE 1024 option. This is used to tell Oracle that we expect about 1,024 bytes of data to be associated with each cluster key value. Oracle will use that to compute the maximum number of cluster keys that could fit per block. Given that we have an 8KB blocksize, Oracle will fit up to seven cluster keys (but maybe fewer if the data is larger than expected) per database block. This is, the data for departments 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 would tend to go onto one block, and as soon as we insert department 80, a new block will be used. That does not mean that the data is stored in a sorted manner; it just means that if we inserted the departments in that order, they would naturally tend to be put together. If we inserted the departments in the order 10, 80, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and then 70, the final department, 70, would tend to be on the newly added block. As we’ll see shortly, both the size of the data and the order in which the data is inserted will affect the number of keys we can store per block. The SIZE parameter therefore controls the maximum number of cluster keys per block. It is the single largest influence on the space utilization of our cluster. Set the size too high, and we’ll get very few keys per block and we’ll use more space than we need. Set the size too low, and we’ll get excessive chaining of data, which offsets the purpose of the cluster to store all of the data together on a single block. It is the most important parameter for a cluster. Now for the cluster index on our cluster. We need to index the cluster before we can put data in it. We could create tables in the cluster right now, but we’re going to create and populate the tables simultaneously, and we need a cluster index before we can have any data. The cluster index’s job is to take a cluster key value and return the block address of the block that contains that key. It is a primary key in effect, where each cluster key value points to a single block in the cluster itself. So, when we ask for the data in department 10, Oracle will read the cluster key, determine the block address for that, and then read the data. The cluster key index is created as follows: ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create index emp_dept_cluster_idx 2 on cluster emp_dept_cluster 3 / Index created. It can have all of the normal storage parameters of an index and can be stored in another tablespace. It is just a regular index, so it can be on multiple columns; it just happens to index into a cluster and can also include an entry for a completely null value (see Chapter 11 for the reason why this is interesting to note). Note that we do not specify a list of columns in this CREATE INDEX statement—that is derived from the CLUSTER definition itself. Now we are ready to create our tables in the cluster:
372 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create table dept 2 ( deptno number(2) primary key, 3 dname varchar2(14), 4 loc varchar2(13) 5 ) 6 cluster emp_dept_cluster(deptno) 7 / Table created. ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create table emp 2 ( empno number primary key, 3 ename varchar2(10), 4 job varchar2(9), 5 mgr number, 6 hiredate date, 7 sal number, 8 comm number, 9 deptno number(2) references dept(deptno) 10 ) 11 cluster emp_dept_cluster(deptno) 12 / Table created. Here, the only difference from a “normal” table is that we used the CLUSTER keyword and told Oracle which column of the base table will map to the cluster key in the cluster itself. Remember, the cluster is the segment here, therefore this table will never have segment attributes such as TABLESPACE, PCTFREE, and so on—they are attributes of the cluster segment, not the table we just created. We can now load them up with the initial set of data: ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> begin 2 for x in ( select * from scott.dept ) 3 loop 4 insert into dept 5 values ( x.deptno, x.dname, x.loc ); 6 insert into emp 7 select * 8 from scott.emp 9 where deptno = x.deptno; 10 end loop; 11 end; 12 / PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. You might be wondering, “Why didn’t we just insert all of the DEPT data and then all of the EMP data, or vice versa? Why did we load the data DEPTNO by DEPTNO like that?” The reason is in the design of the cluster. We are simulating a large, initial bulk load of a cluster. If we had loaded all of the DEPT rows first, we definitely would have gotten our seven keys per block (based on the SIZE 1024 setting we made), since the DEPT rows are very small (just a couple of
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xlii
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CHAPTER 1 ■ ■ ■ Developing Su
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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CHAPTER 3 ■ ■ ■ Files In this
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 67 Without a pa
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 69 and even dat
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 71 all operatio
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 73 *.cluster_da
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 77 • To maint
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 79 • Resource
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 81 3 l_dummy nu
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 83 Trace Files
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 85 _qerixAlloca
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 87 6 ( 7 TYPE O
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 89 A Brief Revi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 91 Redundant Ar
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 93 (data from m
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 95 dictionary t
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 99 “accidenta
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 101 So, at the
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 103 Password Fi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 105 USER is "SY
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 107 Flashback L
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 109 of the requ
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 111 IMPDP, howe
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 113 tkyte@ORA10
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CHAPTER 4 ■ ■ ■ Memory Struct
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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 117
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ■ ■ Oracle Proces
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 6 ■ ■ ■ Locking and L
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CHAPTER 6 ■ LOCKING AND LATCHING
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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286 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Fir
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314 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 423 value of
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 435 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 447 an index
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 449 Table 11
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CHAPTER 12 ■ ■ ■ Datatypes Ch
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 561 els
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Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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