Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES 361 ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create table stocks 2 ( ticker varchar2(10), 3 day date, 4 value number, 5 change number, 6 high number, 7 low number, 8 vol number, 9 primary key(ticker,day) 10 ) 11 organization index 12 / Table created. I frequently look at one stock at a time for some range of days (e.g., computing a moving average). If I were to use a heap organized table, the probability of two rows for the stock ticker ORCL existing on the same database block are almost zero. This is because every night, I insert the records for the day for all of the stocks. That fills up at least one database block (actually, many of them). Therefore, every day I add a new ORCL record, but it is on a block different from every other ORCL record already in the table. If I query as follows: Select * from stocks where ticker = 'ORCL' and day between sysdate-100 and sysdate; Oracle would read the index and then perform table access by rowid to get the rest of the row data. Each of the 100 rows I retrieve would be on a different database block due to the way I load the table—each would probably be a physical I/O. Now consider that I have this same data in an IOT. That same query only needs to read the relevant index blocks, and it already has all of the data. Not only is the table access removed, but all of the rows for ORCL in a given range of dates are physically stored “near” each other as well. Less logical I/O and less physical I/O is incurred. Now you understand when you might want to use IOTs and how to use them. What you need to understand next is what the options are with these tables. What are the caveats? The options are very similar to the options for a heap organized table. Once again, we’ll use DBMS_METADATA to show us the details. Let’s start with the three basic variations of the IOT: ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create table t1 2 ( x int primary key, 3 y varchar2(25), 4 z date 5 ) 6 organization index; Table created. ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create table t2 2 ( x int primary key, 3 y varchar2(25), 4 z date
362 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES 5 ) 6 organization index 7 OVERFLOW; Table created. ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> create table t3 2 ( x int primary key, 3 y varchar2(25), 4 z date 5 ) 6 organization index 7 overflow INCLUDING y; Table created. We’ll get into what OVERFLOW and INCLUDING do for us, but first let’s look at the detailed SQL required for the first table: ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> select dbms_metadata.get_ddl( 'TABLE', 'T1' ) from dual; DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL('TABLE','T1') -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CREATE TABLE "OPS$TKYTE"."T1" ( "X" NUMBER(*,0), "Y" VARCHAR2(25), "Z" DATE, PRIMARY KEY ("X") ENABLE ) ORGANIZATION INDEX NOCOMPRESS PCTFREE 10 INITRANS 2 MAXTRANS 255 LOGGING STORAGE(INITIAL 65536 NEXT 1048576 MINEXTENTS 1 MAXEXTENTS 2147483645 PCTINCREASE 0 FREELISTS 1 FREELIST GROUPS 1 BUFFER_POOL DEFAULT) TABLESPACE "USERS" PCTTHRESHOLD 50 This table introduces two new options, NOCOMPRESS and PCTTHRESHOLD, which we’ll look at in a moment. You might have noticed that something is missing from the preceding CREATE ➥ TABLE syntax: there is no PCTUSED clause, but there is a PCTFREE. This is because an index is a complex data structure that isn’t randomly organized like a heap, so data must go where it “belongs.” Unlike in a heap, where blocks are sometimes available for inserts, blocks are always available for new entries in an index. If the data belongs on a given block because of its values, it will go there regardless of how full or empty the block is. Additionally, PCTFREE is used only when the object is created and populated with data in an index structure. It is not used like it is in the heap organized table. PCTFREE will reserve space on a newly created index, but not for subsequent operations on it, for much the same reason as PCTUSED is not used at all. The same considerations for freelists we had on heap organized tables apply in whole to IOTs.
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xlii
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CHAPTER 1 ■ ■ ■ Developing Su
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 71 all operatio
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 95 dictionary t
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CHAPTER 4 ■ ■ ■ Memory Struct
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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 117
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 435 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 561 els
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 565 Enh
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