Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

05.11.2015 Views
Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv About the Technical Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Setting Up Your Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv ■CHAPTER 1 Developing Successful Oracle Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 My Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Black Box Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 How (and How Not) to Develop Database Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Understanding Oracle Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Understanding Concurrency Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Multi-Versioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Database Independence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 “How Do I Make It Run Faster?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 The DBA–Developer Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ■CHAPTER 2 Architecture Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Defining Database and Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 The SGA and Background Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Connecting to Oracle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Dedicated Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Shared Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Mechanics of Connecting over TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 iii

iv ■CONTENTS ■CHAPTER 3 Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Parameter Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 What Are Parameters? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Legacy init.ora Parameter Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Server Parameter Files (SPFILEs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Parameter File Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Requested Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Trace Files Generated in Response to Internal Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Trace File Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Alert File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 A Brief Review of File System Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 The Storage Hierarchy in an Oracle Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Dictionary-Managed and Locally-Managed Tablespaces . . . . . . . . 94 Temp Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Control Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Redo Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Online Redo Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Archived Redo Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Password Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Change Tracking File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Flashback Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Flashback Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Flash Recovery Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 DMP Files (EXP/IMP Files) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Data Pump Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Flat Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 ■CHAPTER 4 Memory Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 The Process Global Area and User Global Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Manual PGA Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Automatic PGA Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Choosing Between Manual and Auto Memory Management . . . . 133 PGA and UGA Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 The System Global Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Fixed SGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Redo Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Page 2 and 3: Expert Oracle Database Architecture

Page 6 and 7: ■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .

Page 8 and 9: ■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a

Page 10 and 11: ■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty

Page 12 and 13: Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom

Page 14 and 15: ■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona

Page 16 and 17: About the Technical Reviewers ■JO

Page 18 and 19: Introduction The inspiration for th

Page 20 and 21: ■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to

Page 22 and 23: ■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File

Page 24 and 25: ■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t

Page 26 and 27: Setting Up Your Environment In this

Page 28 and 29: ■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xxvi

Page 30 and 31: ■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xxix

Page 32 and 33: ■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xxxi


Page 36 and 37: ■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xxxv

Page 38 and 39: ■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xxxv


Page 42 and 43: ■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xli

Page 44 and 45: ■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xlii

Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER 1 ■ ■ ■ Developing Su

Page 48 and 49: CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL






















Page 92: CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL

Page 95 and 96: 50 CHAPTER 2 ■ ARCHITECTURE OVERV







Page 110 and 111: CHAPTER 3 ■ ■ ■ Files In this

Page 112 and 113: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 67 Without a pa

Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 69 and even dat

Page 116 and 117: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 71 all operatio

Page 118 and 119: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 73 *.cluster_da

Page 120 and 121: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 75 ops$tkyte@OR

Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 77 • To maint

Page 124 and 125: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 79 • Resource

Page 126 and 127: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 81 3 l_dummy nu

Page 128 and 129: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 83 Trace Files

Page 130 and 131: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 85 _qerixAlloca

Page 132 and 133: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 87 6 ( 7 TYPE O

Page 134 and 135: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 89 A Brief Revi

Page 136 and 137: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 91 Redundant Ar

Page 138 and 139: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 93 (data from m

Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 95 dictionary t

Page 142 and 143: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 97 ■Note df i

Page 144 and 145: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 99 “accidenta

Page 146 and 147: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 101 So, at the

Page 148 and 149: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 103 Password Fi

Page 150 and 151: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 105 USER is "SY

Page 152 and 153: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 107 Flashback L

Page 154 and 155: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 109 of the requ

Page 156 and 157: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 111 IMPDP, howe

Page 158 and 159: CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 113 tkyte@ORA10

Page 160 and 161: CHAPTER 4 ■ ■ ■ Memory Struct

Page 162 and 163: CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 117



















Page 200 and 201: CHAPTER 5 ■ ■ ■ Oracle Proces

Page 202 and 203: CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157













Page 228 and 229: CHAPTER 6 ■ ■ ■ Locking and L

Page 230 and 231: CHAPTER 6 ■ LOCKING AND LATCHING























Page 276 and 277: CHAPTER 7 ■ ■ ■ Concurrency a

Page 278 and 279: CHAPTER 7 ■ CONCURRENCY AND MULTI











Page 300 and 301: CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions

Page 302 and 303: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 257 •

Page 304 and 305: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 259 So,

Page 306 and 307: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 261 X --

Page 308 and 309: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 263 “s

Page 310 and 311: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 265 busi

Page 312 and 313: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 267 Many

Page 314 and 315: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 269 ops$

Page 316 and 317: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 271 last

Page 318 and 319: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 273 Dist

Page 320 and 321: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 275 Auto

Page 322 and 323: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 277 3 Au

Page 324 and 325: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 279 5 pr

Page 326: CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 281 scot

Page 329 and 330: 284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri

Page 331 and 332: 286 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Fir

Page 333 and 334: 288 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO The

Page 335 and 336: 290 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO We

Page 337 and 338: 292 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Wha

Page 339 and 340: 294 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO row

Page 341 and 342: 296 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO If

Page 343 and 344: 298 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ops

Page 345 and 346: 300 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Inv

Page 347 and 348: 302 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO The

Page 349 and 350: 304 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO 41

Page 351 and 352: 306 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ins

Page 353 and 354: 308 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO So,



Page 359 and 360: 314 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •

Page 361 and 362: 316 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ...

Page 363 and 364: 318 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •

Page 365 and 366: 320 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO bac

Page 367 and 368: 322 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO As


Page 371 and 372: 326 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO wil

Page 373 and 374: 328 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Thi


Page 377 and 378: 332 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Whe

Page 379 and 380: 334 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Tha

Page 381 and 382: 336 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO tou

Page 383 and 384: 338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES









































Page 466 and 467: CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde

Page 468 and 469: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 423 value of

Page 470 and 471: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 425 One of t

Page 472 and 473: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 427 We then

Page 474 and 475: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 429 we ended

Page 476 and 477: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data

Page 478 and 479: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 433 if ( (++

Page 480 and 481: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 435 Table 11

Page 482 and 483: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 437 When Sho

Page 484 and 485: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 439 an 8KB b

Page 486 and 487: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 441 select *


Page 490 and 491: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate

Page 492 and 493: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 447 an index

Page 494 and 495: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 449 Table 11

Page 496 and 497: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 451 9 1, 'M'

Page 498 and 499: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 453 column w

Page 500 and 501: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 455 Bitmap j

Page 502 and 503: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 457 INSERT a

Page 504 and 505: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 459 7 l_last

Page 506 and 507: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 461 ops$tkyt

Page 508 and 509: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 463 If we co


Page 512 and 513: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 467 Caveat o


Page 516 and 517: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 471 Frequent


Page 520 and 521: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 475 If you s

Page 522 and 523: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 477 we’ll

Page 524 and 525: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 479 Predicat



Page 530 and 531: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 485 This dem

Page 532 and 533: CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 487 SELECT /

Page 534 and 535: CHAPTER 12 ■ ■ ■ Datatypes Ch

Page 536 and 537: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 491 • TI

Page 538 and 539: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 493 (in th

Page 540 and 541: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 495 That d

Page 542 and 543: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 497 ops$tk

Page 544 and 545: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 499 Table

Page 546 and 547: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 501 The IN


Page 550 and 551: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 505 • BI

Page 552 and 553: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 507 NUMBER

Page 554 and 555: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 509 MSG NU

Page 556 and 557: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 511 They a

Page 558 and 559: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 513 ■Not

Page 560 and 561: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 515 Coping

Page 562 and 563: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 517 Note t

Page 564 and 565: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 519 We are

Page 566 and 567: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 521 Format


Page 570 and 571: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 525 You ca

Page 572 and 573: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 527 month

Page 574 and 575: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 529 DT2-DT

Page 576 and 577: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 531 DT TS


Page 580 and 581: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 535 Since



Page 586 and 587: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 541 suppor

Page 588 and 589: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 543 Concep

Page 590 and 591: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 545 We can

Page 592 and 593: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 547 buffer

Page 594 and 595: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 549 Note t

Page 596 and 597: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 551 13 dbm

Page 598 and 599: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 553 equall

Page 600 and 601: CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 555 ROWID/

Page 602 and 603: CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning

Page 604 and 605: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 559 6 (

Page 606 and 607: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 561 els

Page 608 and 609: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 563 BIG

Page 610 and 611: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 565 Enh

Page 612 and 613: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 567 Tab

Page 614 and 615: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 569 tha

Page 616 and 617: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 571 PAR

Page 618 and 619: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 573 35

Page 620 and 621: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 575 If

Page 622 and 623: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 577 We


Page 626 and 627: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 581 ops

Page 628 and 629: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 583 In


Page 632 and 633: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 587 | S



Page 638 and 639: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 593 •

Page 640 and 641: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 595 Now

Page 642 and 643: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 597 the

Page 644 and 645: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 599 imp

Page 646 and 647: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 601 OLT

Page 648 and 649: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 603 5 s

Page 650 and 651: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 605 Sur

Page 652 and 653: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 607 On

Page 654 and 655: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 609 Row

Page 656 and 657: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 611 So,

Page 658 and 659: CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 613 Aud

Page 660 and 661: CHAPTER 14 ■ ■ ■ Parallel Exe

Page 662 and 663: CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
















Page 694 and 695: CHAPTER 15 ■ ■ ■ Data Loading

Page 696 and 697: CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL


























Page 748: CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL

Page 751 and 752: 706 ■INDEX autonomous transaction

Page 753 and 754: 708 ■INDEX CREATE ANY DIRECTORY f

Page 755 and 756: 710 ■INDEX dedicated server, 57-5

Page 757 and 758: 712 ■INDEX flat files, 66, 113-14

Page 759 and 760: 714 ■INDEX job queue coordinator

Page 761 and 762: 716 ■INDEX MAXTRANS parameter, 21

Page 763 and 764: 718 ■INDEX parameter files (PFILE

Page 765 and 766: 720 ■INDEX REUSE option, 97 REUSE

Page 767 and 768: 722 ■INDEX System Global Area (SG

Page 769: 724 ■INDEX utility background pro

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