Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 6 ■ LOCKING AND LATCHING 223 SQL, or unique SQL for each statement). To do this, we’ll use a very small Java program that simply logs into Oracle, turns off auto-commit (as all Java programs should do immediately after connecting to a database), and executes 25,000 unique INSERT statements in a loop. We’ll perform two sets of tests: our program will not use bind variables in the first set, and in the second set it will. To evaluate these programs and their behavior in a multiuser environment, I opted to use Statspack to gather the metrics, as follows: 1. Execute a Statspack snapshot to gather the current state of the system. 2. Run N copies of the program, having each program INSERT into its own database table so as to avoid the contention associated with having all programs trying to insert into a single table. 3. Take another snapshot immediately after the last copy of the program finishes. Then it is a simple matter of printing out the Statspack report and finding out how long it took N copies of the program to complete, how much CPU was used, what the major wait events occurred, and so on. These tests were performed on a dual-CPU machine with hyperthreading enabled (making it appear as if there were four CPUs). Given that there were two physical CPUs, you might expect very linear scaling here—that is, if one user uses 1 unit of CPU to process her inserts, then you might expect that two users would require 2 units of CPU. You’ll discover that this premise, while sounding plausible, may well be inaccurate (just how inaccurate depends on your programming technique, as you’ll see). It would be correct if the processing we were performing needed no shared resource, but our process will use a shared resource, namely the Shared pool. We need to latch the Shared pool to parse SQL statements, and we need to latch the Shared pool because it is a shared data structure, and we cannot modify it while others are reading it and we cannot read it while it is being modified. ■Note I’ve performed these tests using Java, PL/SQL, Pro*C, and other languages. The end results are very much the same every time. This demonstration and discussion applies to all languages and all interfaces to the database. I chose Java for this example as I find Java and Visual Basic applications are most likely to not use bind variables when working with the Oracle database. Without Bind Variables In the first instance, our program will not use bind variables, but rather will use string concatenation to insert data: import java.sql.*; public class instest { static public void main(String args[]) throws Exception { DriverManager.registerDriver(new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver()); Connection
224 CHAPTER 6 ■ LOCKING AND LATCHING } } conn = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:oracle:thin:@dellpe:1521:ora10gr1", "scott","tiger"); conn.setAutoCommit( false ); Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(); for( int i = 0; i < 25000; i++ ) { stmt.execute ("insert into "+ args[0] + " (x) values(" + i + ")" ); } conn.commit(); conn.close(); I ran the test in “single user” mode and the Statspack report came back with this information: Elapsed: 0.52 (mins) Cache Sizes (end) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Buffer Cache: 768M Std Block Size: 8K Shared Pool Size: 244M Log Buffer: 1,024K Load Profile ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Per Second Per Transaction --------------- --------------- ... Parses: 810.58 12,564.00 Hard parses: 807.16 12,511.00 .... Top 5 Timed Events ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ % Total Event Waits Time (s) Call Time -------------------------------------------- ------------ ----------- --------- CPU time 26 55.15 class slave wait 2 10 21.33 Queue Monitor Task Wait 2 10 21.33 log file parallel write 48 1 1.35 control file parallel write 14 0 .51 I included the SGA configuration for reference, but the relevant statistics are as follows: • Elapsed time of approximately 30 seconds • 807 hard parses per second • 26 CPU seconds used
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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